More articles from Volume 4, Issue 2, 2019
Application of a PhotoThermal model for container-grown conifer seedling production
Acorn size influence on the quality of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) one-year old seedlings
Potassium fertilization in bareroot nurseries in the southern US: a review
Reforestation in Venezuela – current situation and future perspectives
Citations
2
Bárbara Cruz-Salazar, Saúl George-Miranda
(2025)
Microenvironmental conditions as predictors of tree diversity and structure patterns in a Mexican temperate forest
Botany Letters, 172(4)
10.1080/23818107.2025.2545815
David B. South
(2023)
Use of sulphur in bareroot pine and hardwood nurseries
REFORESTA, (15)
10.21750/REFOR.15.03.105Potassium fertilization in bareroot nurseries in the southern US: a review
David B. South
Abstract
This review covers most of the published literature on potassium (K) fertilization in bareroot seedbeds with the intent to concentrate on the southern United States. The timing and rates of K fertilization for bareroot seedlings are often based on logic and myths and, as a result, K recommendations vary considerably. Some recommend bareroot pine seedlings be fertilized with twice as much K as nitrogen (N) while others apply less than 100 kg ha-1. It was determined that several long-held claims about K fertilization are invalid. Nursery seedbeds do not need to contain four times as much available K as N and the belief that extra K fertilization will increase freeze tolerance or drought resistance of non-deficient seedlings is invalid. There are no data to support the claim that K fertilization increases root growth or assists in the formation of terminal buds. For sandy seedbeds, there is no need to apply K before sowing. Adding extra K during the fall does not increase seedling morphology or seedling performance when loblolly pine seedlings, at lifting, have more than 0.5% K in needles. A reduction of K fertilization can be achieved by reviewing foliar tests prior to K top-dressings.
Keywords
References
Albaugh, J. M., Blevins, L., Allen, H. L., Albaugh, T. J., Fox, T. R., Stape, J. L., & Rubilar, R. A. (2010). Characterization of Foliar Macro- and Micronutrient Concentrations and Ratios in Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Southeastern United States. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 34(2), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/34.2.53
Albaugh, T. J., Fox, T. R., Cook, R. L., Raymond, J. E., Rubilar, R. A., & Campoe, O. C. (2018). Forest Fertilizer Applications in the Southeastern United States from 1969 to 2016. Forest Science, 65(3), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxy058
Almeida, J. C. R., Laclau, J.-P., Gonçalves, J. L. de M., Ranger, J., & Saint-André, L. (2010). A positive growth response to NaCl applications in Eucalyptus plantations established on K-deficient soils. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(9), 1786–1795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.08.032
Alt, D., Jacob, S., Rau, N., & Wirth, R. (1993). Potassium deficiency causes injuries to Picea pungens glauca in nurseries. Plant and Soil, 155–156(1), 427–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00025074
Andivia, E., Márquez-García, B., Vázquez-Piqué, J., Córdoba, F., & Fernández, M. (2011). Autumn fertilization with nitrogen improves nutritional status, cold hardiness and the oxidative stress response of Holm oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota [Desf.] Samp) nursery seedlings. Trees, 26(2), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-011-0593-3
Andivia, E., Fernández, M., & Vázquez-Piqué, J. (2011). Autumn fertilization of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. nursery seedlings: effects on morpho-physiology and field performance. Annals of Forest Science, 68(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-011-0048-4
Andivia, E., Fernández, M., & Vázquez-Piqué, J. (2013). Assessing the effect of late-season fertilization on Holm oak plant quality: insights from morpho–nutritional characterizations and water relations parameters. New Forests, 45(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-013-9397-1
Andrews, L. K. (1941). Effects of Certain Soil Treatments on the Development of Loblolly Pine Nursery Stock. Journal of Forestry, 39(11), 918–921. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/39.11.918
Aronsson, A. (1980). Frost hardiness in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) II. hardiness during winter and spring in young trees of different mineral nutrient status. Studia Forestalia Suecica, 1–27.
Auten, J. (1945). Response of shortleaf and pitch pines to soil amendments and fertilizers in newly established nurseries in the central states. J Agric Res, 12, 405–426.
Barnett, J. P., & Brissette, J. C. (1986). Producing southern pine seedlings in containers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-59
Bassaco, M. V. M., Motta, A. C. V., Pauletti, V., Prior, S. A., Nisgoski, S., & Ferreira, C. F. (2018). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium requirements for Eucalyptus urograndis plantations in southern Brazil. New Forests, 49(5), 681–697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-018-9658-0
Baule, H., & Fricker, C. (1970). The fertilizer treatment of forest trees.
Beattie, D., & Flint, H. (1973). Effect of K level on frost hardiness of stems of Forsythia X intermedia Zab. J Am Soc Hort Sci, 6, 539–541.
Bengtson, G. W., & Voigt, G. K. (1962). A Greenhouse Study of Relations between Nutrient Movement and Conversion in a Sandy Soil and the Nutrition of Slash Pine Seedlings. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 26(6), 609–612. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1962.03615995002600060027x
BENZIAN, B., BROWN, R. M., & FREEMAN, S. C. R. (1974). Effect of Late-season Top-dressings of N (and K) applied to Conifer Transplants in the Nursery on their Survival and Growth on British Forest Sites. Forestry, 47(2), 153–184. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/47.2.153
Benzian, B. (1966). Sewage sludge affects soil properties and growth of slash pine seedlings in a Florida nursery. 46–51. https://doi.org/10.23637/ERADOC-1-60
Bickelhaupt, D., Ulzen-Appiah, F., & White, E. (1987). Effect of horse manure on white pine seedling production in a forest tree nursery. 20.
Binggeli, P., Blackstock, P., & Mcgill, C. (2000). Potassium deficiency in conifers on former agricultural land. Quarterly J Forest, 3, 229–233.
Birchler, T. (1997). Fall Fertilization Effects on Douglas-fir Seedling Quality. 124.
Birchler, T. M., Rose, R., & Haase, D. L. (2001). Fall Fertilization with N and K: Effects on Douglas-Fir Seedling Quality and Performance. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 16(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.2.71
BISWAS, P. K., BONAMY, P. A., & PAUL, K. B. (1972). Germination Promotion of Loblolly Pine and Baldcypress Seeds by Stratification and Chemical Treatments. Physiologia Plantarum, 27(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1972.tb01139.x
Bjorkbom, J. ;, Boyer, J., & South, D. (1973). Response of paper birch seedlings to nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. 27.
Brendemuehl, R. (1968). Research progress in the use of fertilizers to increase pine growth on the Florida sandhills. 191–196.
Brendemuehl, R., & Mizell, L. (1978). Nursery practices for Choctawhatchee sand pine. Tree Planters’ Notes, 1, 8–11.
Dumroese, R. Kasten., & Landis, T. D. (1995a). National proceedings : forest and conservation nursery associations /. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99309
Brissette, J., & Carlson, W. (1987). Effects of nursery density and fertilization on the morphology, nutrient status, and root growth potential of shortleaf pine. 198–205.
Browder, J. F., Niemiera, A. X., Harris, J. R., & Wright, R. D. (2005a). Growth of Container-grown Pin Oak and Japanese Maple as Influenced by Sulfur and Sulfated Micronutrients. HortScience, 40(5), 1521–1523. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1521
Browder, J. F., Niemiera, A. X., Harris, J. R., & Wright, R. D. (2005b). Growth Response of Container-grown Pin Oak and Japanese Maple Seedlings to Sulfur Fertilization. HortScience, 40(5), 1524–1528. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1524
Brown, R. W., Schultz, R. C., & Kormanik, P. P. (1981). Response of Vesicular-Arbuscular Endomycorrhizal Sweetgum Seedlings to Three Nitrogen Fertilizers. Forest Science, 27(2), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/27.2.413
Bryan, M. (1954). Some effects of winter application of inorganic fertilizers to pine seedlings in the nursery. 70.
Callan, N. W., & Westcott, M. P. (1996). Drip irrigation for application of potassium to tart cherry1. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 19(1), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169609365114
Carlson, C. A., Fox, T. R., Allen, H. L., Albaugh, T. J., Rubilar, R. A., & Stape, J. L. (2014). Growth Responses of Loblolly Pine in the Southeast United States to Midrotation Applications of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Micronutrients. Forest Science, 60(1), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.5849/forsci.12-158
CHAPIN, J. B., & SMITH, F. W. (1960). GERMINATION OF WHEAT AT VARIOUS LEVELS OF SOIL MOISTURE AS AFFECTED BY APPLICATIONS OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND MURIATE OF POTASH. Soil Science, 89(6), 322–327. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-196006000-00004
Chen, G. (1995). Fungal decay resistance of loblolly pine or sweetgum reacted with aqueous potassium iodate. Wood Fiber Sci, 2, 155–159.
Christersson, L. (1975). Frost-Hardiness Development in Pinussilvestris L. Seedlings at Different Levels of Potassium and Calcium Fertilization. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 5(4), 738–740. https://doi.org/10.1139/x75-101
Christersson, L. (1976). The effect of inorganic nutrients on water economy and hardness of conifers. II. The effect of varying potassium and calcium contents on water status and drought hardiness of potgrown Pinus silvestris L. and Picea abies (L.). Karst. seedlings. Studia Forestalia Suecica, 1–23.
Chung, I., & You, T. (1970). Effect of potash application on needle cast of the Korean Red Pine. Pinus Densiflora S. et Z. Journal of Korean Forestry Society, 17–27.
Cutter, B., & Murphey, W. (2007). Effects of potassium on growth and wood anatomy of a Populus hybrid. Wood Fiber Sci, 4, 282–288.
Danielson, R. (1966). The effects of soil fumigation on seedling growth, mycorrhizae and the associated microflora of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) roots. MS thesis. 148.
Datnoff, L., Prabhu, E., Fageria, A., & N. (2006). Balanced chloride, potassium and silicon nutrition for plant disease management. 481–509.
Davey, C. (1972). Nursery soil management. 182–187.
Davey, C. (1991). Soils aspects of nursery management. 1–23.
Dumroese, R. Kasten., & Landis, T. D. (1995b). National proceedings : forest and conservation nursery associations /. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99309
Davis, A. S., Ross‐Davis, A. L., & Dumroese, R. K. (2011). Nursery Culture Impacts Cold Hardiness in Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris) Seedlings. Restoration Ecology, 19(6), 717–719. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100x.2011.00814.x
del Campo, A. D., Hermoso, J., Ceacero, C. J., & Navarro-Cerrillo, R. M. (2011). Nursery location and potassium enrichment in Aleppo pine stock 1. Effect on nursery culture, growth, allometry and seedling quality. Forestry, 84(3), 221–234. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpr008
Del Campo, A. D., Hermoso, J., Flors, J., Lidon, A., & Navarro-Cerrillo, R. M. (2011). Nursery location and potassium enrichment in Aleppo pine stock 2. Performance under real and hydrogel-mediated drought conditions. Forestry, 84(3), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpr009
Dierauf, T. (1982). A test to induce earlier dormancy. Virginia Division of Forestry, 7.
Dobrahner, J., Lowery, B., & Iyer, J. G. (2007). SLOW-RELEASE FERTILIZATION REDUCES NITRATE LEACHING IN BAREROOT PRODUCTION OF PINUS STROBUS SEEDLINGS. Soil Science, 172(3), 242–255. https://doi.org/10.1097/ss.0b013e31803063e2
Domisch, T., Finér, L., Lehto, T., & Smolander, A. (2002). Effect of soil temperature on nutrient allocation and mycorrhizas in Scots pine seedlings. Plant and Soil, 239(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015037127126
Donald, D. G. M. (1986). South African Nursery Practice—The State of the Art. South African Forestry Journal, 139(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1986.9630055
Donald, D. G. M. (1988). The Application of Inorganic Fertilisers to Conditioned Pinus radiata Prior to Lifting as a Means of Improving Root Growth Capacity. South African Forestry Journal, 146(1), 23–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1988.9630354
Donald, D. (1991). Nursery fertilization of conifer planting stock. 135–167.
Dordas, C. (2008). Role of nutrients in controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 28(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2007051
Dumroese, R. (2003). Hardening fertilization and nutrient loading of conifer seedlings.
Dumroese, R. Kasten., & Landis, T. D. (1995c). National proceedings : forest and conservation nursery associations /. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99309
Dumroese, R. Kasten., & Landis, T. D. (1995d). National proceedings : forest and conservation nursery associations /. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99309
Dumroese, R., & Wenny, D. (1997). Fertilizer regimes for container grown conifers of the Intermountain West. 17–26.
Fischer, J. W., & Landis, T. D. (1986a). Proceedings : Intermountain Nurseryman’s Association meeting : August 13-15, 1985, Fort Collins, Colorado /. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99552
Edwards, I. (1989). The effects of mineral nutrition on hardening-off of conifer seedlings. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 98–102.
Khan, S. A., Mulvaney, R. L., & Ellsworth, T. R. (2013). The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 29(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742170513000318
Erdmann, G., Metzger, F., & Oberg, R. (1979). Macronutrient deficiency symptoms in seedlings of four northern hardwoods. GTR NC-53. 36.
Fernández, M., Marcos, C., Tapias, R., Ruiz, F., & López, G. (2007). Nursery fertilisation affects the frost-tolerance and plant quality of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. cuttings. Annals of Forest Science, 64(8), 865–873. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2007071
Flaten, C. (1939). A study on chlorosis of Pinus resinosa in a forest nursery. 35.
Fløistad, I., & Eldhuset, T. (2017). Effect of photoperiod and fertilization on shoot and fine root growth in Picea abies seedlings. Silva Fennica, 51(1). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.1704
Fløistad, I. S., & Kohmann, K. (2004). Influence of nutrient supply on spring frost hardiness and time of bud break in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings. New Forests, 27(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1025085403026
Foulger, A., Freese, F., & Shire, E. (2007). Effect of nutrient concentration on stem anatomy of eastern cottonwood seedlings. Wood Fiber Sci, 4, 340–346.
Fraedrich, B. R. (1982). Influence of Fertilization on Pitch Canker Development on Three Southern Pine Species. Plant Disease, 66(1), 938. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-66-938
Fraysse, J., & Crémière, L. (1998). Nursery factors influencing containerized Pinus pinaster seedlings’ initial growth. Silva Fennica, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.686
Garcia, K., & Zimmermann, S. D. (2014). The role of mycorrhizal associations in plant potassium nutrition. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00337
Geilfus, C.-M. (2018). Review on the significance of chlorine for crop yield and quality. Plant Science, 270, 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.014
Gilmore, A., & Kahler, L. (1965). Fertilizers and organic additives in pine nursery seedbeds: effects on field survival, field growth, and chemical content of foliage. Tree Planters’ Notes, 21–27.
Gleason, J. (1989). Fertilization of 2-0 Ponderosa pine seedlings in the nursery and field: morphology, physiology, and field performance. 109.
Gleason, J. F., Duryea, M., Rose, R., & Atkinson, M. (1990). Nursery and field fertilization of 2 + 0 ponderosa pine seedlings: the effect on morphology, physiology, and field performance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20(11), 1766–1772. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-235
Glerum, C. (1985). Frost hardiness of coniferous seedlings. 107–123.
Gómez-Ruiz, P. A., Lindig-Cisneros, R., de la Barrera, E., & Martorell, C. (2016). Potassium enhances frost tolerance in young individuals of three tropical dry forest species from Mexico. Functional Plant Biology, 43(5), 461–467. https://doi.org/10.1071/fp15329
Waldrop, T. A., & [Editor]. (1998). Proceedings of the Ninth Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-20
Grossnickle, S. (2012). Why seedlings survive: influence of plant attributes. New Forest, 5–6, 711–738.
Grossnickle, S., & Macdonald, J. (2018). Why seedlings grow: influence of plant attributes. New Forest, 1, 1–34.
Hagan, A., Olive, J., Stephenson, J., & Rivas-Davilla, M. (2003). Impact of application rate and treatment interval on the control of Entomosporium leaf spot, dayliliy rust, and powdery mildew on container-grown nursery crops with MilStop. 3.
Hannah, P. (1973). Phosphorus stimulates growth of yellow birch seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes, 1, 1–2.
Hans, R. (2013). Initial growth responses to controlled release fertilizer application at establishment of commercial forestry species in South Africa.
Hare, R. C. (1981). Nitric Acid Promotes Pine Seed Germination. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/so-rn-281
Harvey, H. P., & van den Driessche, R. (1999). Nitrogen and potassium effects on xylem cavitation and water-use efficiency in poplars. Tree Physiology, 19(14), 943–950. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.14.943
Shoulders, E., & [Editor]. (1985a). Proceedings of the Third Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-54
Heckman, J. (2007). Handbook of plant nutrition. 279–291.
Heiberg, S. O., Leyton, L., & Loewenstein, H. (1959). Influence of Potassium Fertilizer Level On Red Pine Planted at Various Spacings On a Potassium-Deficient Site. Forest Science, 5(2), 142–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/5.2.142
Heiberg, S. O., & White, D. P. (1951). Potassium Deficiency of Reforested Pine and Spruce Stands in Northern New York. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 15(C), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1951.036159950015000c0084x
Heit, C., & Nelson, C. (1941). Approximate germination tests of dormant seeds by excising embryos. Proceedings of the Association of Official Seed Analysts, 87–89.
Hernández, G., Haase, D., Pike, C., Enebak, S., Mackey, L., Ma, Z., & Clarke, M. (2018). Forest nursery seedling production in the United States -fiscal year 2017. Tree Planters’ Notes, 2, 18–22.
Hernández, R., & Lombardo, C. (1987). Deficiencias de macronutrientes en Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet. Barr and Golf. 109.
Hicks, G. (1900). The germination of seeds as affected by certain chemical fertilizers. Bulletin, 15.
Hinesley, L. E., & Maki, T. E. (1980). Fall Fertilization Helps Longleaf Pine Nursery Stock. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 4(3), 132–135. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/4.3.132
Hobbs, C. H. (1944). STUDIES ON MINERAL DEFICIENCY IN PINE. Plant Physiology, 19(4), 590–602. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.4.590
Hodgson, T. (1977). Preliminary investigations on the manipulation of pine seedling growth and development. 193.
Holopainen, T., & Nygren, P. (1989). Effects of potassium deficiency and simulated acid rain, alone and in combination, on the ultrastructure of Scots pine needles. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 19(11), 1402–1411. https://doi.org/10.1139/x89-215
Houman, F., Godbold, D. L., Shasheng, W., & Hüttermann, A. (1990). Gas Exchange in Populus maximowiczii in Relation to Potassium and Phosphorus Nutrition. Journal of Plant Physiology, 135(6), 675–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0176-1617(11)80878-3
Huang, J. W. (1991). Mechanisms Inhibiting Damping-off Pathogens of Slash Pine Seedlings with a Formulated Soil Amendment. Phytopathology, 81(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-81-171
Hubbel, K. L., Ross-Davis, A. L., Pinto, J. R., Burney, O. T., & Davis, A. S. (2018). Toward Sustainable Cultivation of Pinus occidentalis Swartz in Haiti: Effects of Alternative Growing Media and Containers on Seedling Growth and Foliar Chemistry. Forests, 9(7), 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9070422
Huber, D., & Graham, R. (1999). The role of nutrition in crop resistance and tolerance to disease. 205–226.
Irwin, K. M., Duryea, M. L., & Stone, E. L. (1998). Fall-Applied Nitrogen Improves Performance of 1-0 Slash Pine Nursery Seedlings after Outplanting. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 22(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/22.2.111
Dumroese, R. Kasten., & Landis, T. D. (1995e). National proceedings : forest and conservation nursery associations /. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99309
Paul Jackson, D., Kasten Dumroese, R., & Barnett, J. P. (2012). Nursery response of container Pinus palustris seedlings to nitrogen supply and subsequent effects on outplanting performance. Forest Ecology and Management, 265, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.018
Jacobs, D. F., Rose, R., Haase, D. L., & Alzugaray, P. O. (2004). Fertilization at planting impairs root system development and drought avoidance of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings. Annals of Forest Science, 61(7), 643–651. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2004065
Jalkanen, R. E., Redfern, D. B., & Sheppard, L. J. (1998). Nutrient deficits increase frost hardiness in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) needles. Forest Ecology and Management, 107(1–3), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(97)00338-1
Janssen, B. H., & de Willigen, P. (2006). Ideal and saturated soil fertility as bench marks in nutrient management. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 116(1–2), 132–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.014
Johnson, L. P. V. (1946). EFFECT OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON THE GERMINATION OF FOREST TREE SEEDS. The Forestry Chronicle, 22(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc22017-1
Jokela, A., Sarjala, T., & Huttunen, S. (1998). The structure and hardening status of Scots pine needles at different potassium availability levels. Trees, 12(8), 490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004680050179
Jokela, A., Sarjala, T., Kaunisto, S., & Huttunen, S. (1997). Effects of foliar potassium concentration on morphology, ultrastructure and polyamine concentrations of Scots pine needles. Tree Physiology, 17(11), 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.11.677
Fischer, J. W., & Landis, T. D. (1986b). Proceedings : Intermountain Nurseryman’s Association meeting : August 13-15, 1985, Fort Collins, Colorado /. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99552
Jozefek, H. (1989). The effect of varying levels of potassium on the frost resistance of birch seedlings. Silva Fennica, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a15528
Juntunen, M.-L., & Rikala, R. (2001). Fertilization practice in Finnish forest nurseries from the standpoint of environmental impact. New Forests, 21(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1011837800185
Kam, M., Versteegen, C. M., Burg, J., & Werf, D. C. (1991). Effects of fertilization with ammonium sulphate and potassium sulphate on the development of Sphaeropsis sapinea in Corsican pine. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 97(5), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01974222
Knight, P. (1978). Fertiliser practice in New Zealand forest nurseries. NZ J Forest Sci, 1, 27–53.
Knight, P. (1981). The maintenance of productivity in forest nurseries. 48–69.
Koo, R. (1985). Effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on winter injury of citrus trees. Proceedings Florida State Horticulture Society, 53–56.
Kopitke, J. C. (1941). The Effect of Potash Salts Upon the Hardening of Coniferous Seedlings. Journal of Forestry, 39(6), 555–558. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/39.6.555
Dumroese, R. Kasten., & Landis, T. D. (1995f). National proceedings : forest and conservation nursery associations /. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99309
Krause, H. H., & Wilde, S. A. (1960). Uptake of Potassium by Red Pine Seedlings and Losses Through Leaching from Fertilizers of Various Solubility. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 24(6), 513–515. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1960.03615995002400060028x
Landis, T. (1976). Nitrogen fertilizer injures pine seedlings in rocky mountain nursery. Tree Planters. Notes, 4, 29–35.
Landis, T. (2005). Macronutrients -potassium. Forest Nursery Notes, 1, 5–11.
Landis, T., & Davey, C. (2009). Determining fertilizer rates and scheduling applications in bareroot nurseries. Forest Nursery Notes, 2, 14–21.
Larsen, J. Bo. (1978). Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Kalium- und Stickstoffversorgung für die Austrocknungsresistenz der Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) im Winter. Flora, 167(2), 197–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0367-2530(17)31110-6
Larsen, H. S., South, D. B., & Boyer, J. N. (1988). Foliar Nitrogen Content at Lifting Correlates with Early Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings from 20 Nurseries. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 12(3), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.3.181
Larsen, H., South, D., Williams, H., & Boyer, J. (1989). Survival and early growth of loblolly pine seedlings from six nurseries. 151–154.
Lauer, F. I. (1963). Influence of high and low levels of N and K on adventitious bud formation in the potato. American Potato Journal, 40(9), 302–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02862780
Leach, G. N., & Gresham, H. H. (1983). Early Field Performance of Loblolly Pine Seedlings with
Pisolithus Tinctorius Ectomycorrhizae on Two Lower Coastal Plain Sites. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 7(3), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/7.3.149
Leaf, A. (1968). Forest Fertilization-the Theory and Practice. 88–122.
Lunt, H. (1938). The use of fertilizers in the coniferous nursery. Bulletin, 721–766.
Lyle, S. (1960). A comparison of chemical analyses for various nurseries. 8–16.
Lyle, E. S. (1969). Mineral Deficiency Symptoms in Loblolly Pine Seedlings. Agronomy Journal, 61(3), 395–398. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100030019x
Lyle, E., & Pearce, N. (1968). Sulfur deficiency in nursery seedlings may be caused by concentrated fertilizers. Tree Planters’ Notes, 1, 9–10.
MADGWICK, H. A. I. (1964). Variations in the Chemical Composition of Red Pine (Pinus resinosa Ait) Leaves: a Comparison of Well-grown and Poorly grown Trees. Forestry, 37(1), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/37.1.87
Maki, T. (1950). Effect of varying amounts of potash and nitrogen on the development and vigor of longleaf pine seedlings. 141.
Manikam, D., & Srivastava, P. B. L. (1980). The growth response of Pinus caribaea mor. var. hondurensis bar and golf seedlings to fertilizer application on the Serdang soil series. Forest Ecology and Management, 3, 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(80)90010-9
Landis, T. D. (1987). Meeting the challenge of the nineties : proceedings, Intermountain Forest Nursery Association, August 10-14, 1987, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma /. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99623
MARTIN, J. P., & BINGHAM, F. T. (1954). EFFECT OF VARIOUS EXCHANGEABLE CATION RATIOS IN SOILS ON GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AVOCADO SEEDLINGS. Soil Science, 78(5), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195411000-00005
Marx, D. H. (1990). Soil pH and Nitrogen Influence Pisolithus Ectomycorrhizal Development and Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings. Forest Science, 36(2), 224–245. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/36.2.224
Marx, D., & Artman, J. (1978). Growth and ectomycorrhizal development of loblolly pine seedlings in nursery soil infested with Pisolitus tinctorius and Thelephora terrestris in Virginia. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 4.
Marx, D. H. (1986). Effects of Triadimefon on Growth and Ectomycorrhizal Development of Loblolly and Slash Pines in Nurseries. Phytopathology, 76(8), 824. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-76-824
Marx, D. H., Cordell, C. E., Kenney, D. S., Mexal, J. G., Artman, J. D., Riffle, J. W., & Molina, R. J. (1984). Commercial Vegetative Inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and Inoculation Techniques for Development of Ectomycorrhizae on Bare-root Tree Seedlings. Forest Science, 30(suppl_1), a0001-z0001. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/30.s1.a0001
Marx, D. H., Cordell, C. E., Maul, S. B., & Ruehle, J. L. (1989). Ectomycorrhizal development on pine by Pisolithus tinctorius in bare-root and container seedling nurseries. New Forests, 3(1), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00128901
Marx, D. H., Hatch, A. B., & Mendicino, J. F. (1977). High soil fertility decreases sucrose content and susceptibility of loblolly pine roots to ectomycorrhizal infection by Pisolithus tinctorius. Canadian Journal of Botany, 55(12), 1569–1574. https://doi.org/10.1139/b77-185
a) Effects of soil management practices in a forest tree nursery on soil properties and on loblolly pine seedlings. (n.d.). Cossitt FM, 13–19.
May, J. (1985). ed) southern pine nursery handbook. 1201–1241.
May, J., Johnson, H., & Gilmore, A. (1962). Chemical composition of southern pine seedlings. Research Paper, 11.
Mccomb, A. (1949). Some fertilizer experiments with deciduous forest tree seedlings on several Iowa soils. Research Bulletin, 405–448.
McComb, A. L., & Griffith, J. E. (1946). GROWTH STIMULATION AND PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION OF MYCORRHIZAL AND NON-MYCORRHIZAL NORTHERN WHITE PINE AND DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS IN RELATION TO FERTILIZER TREATMENT. Plant Physiology, 21(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.21.1.11
McGee, C. E. (1963). A Nutritional Study of Slash Pine Seedlings Grown in Sand Culture. Forest Science, 9(4), 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/9.4.461
McKee, W. H. (1978). Slash pine seedling response to potassium and calcium on imperfectly drained coastal plain soil. Plant and Soil, 50(1–3), 615–624. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02107213
Mcnabb, K. (1985). The relationship of carbohydrate reserves to the quality of bare-root Pinus elliottii var. elliottii (Engelm.) seedlings produced in a northern Florida nursery. 146.
Mead, D. J., & Pritchett, W. L. (1971). A Comparison of Tree Responses to Fertilizers in Field and Pot Experiments. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 35(2), 346–349. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1971.03615995003500020046x
Menzies, M., Holden, D., Green, L., & Rook, D. (1981). Seasonal changes in frost tolerance of Pinus radiata seedlings raised in different nurseries. New Zealand J ForestScience, 2, 100–111.
Michniewicz, M., & Stopińska, J. (2014). The effect of potassium nutrition on growth and on plant hormones content in Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) seedlings. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 49(3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1980.021
Shoulders, E., & [Editor]. (1985b). Proceedings of the Third Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-54
Mitchell, H., Finn, R., & Rosendahl, R. (1937). The relation between mycorrhizae and the growth and nutrient absorption of coniferous seedlings in nursery beds. Black Rock Forest Papers, 10, 58–73.
Moore, J., Mika, P., Schwandt, J., & Shaw, T. (1994). Nutrition and forest health. 173–176.
Munson, K., & Stone, E. (1984). Seedling and soil nutrient status during the lifting period in a north Florida nursery. 152–157.
Murison, W. (1960). Macronutrient deficiency and its effects on coniferous growth. https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0106016
Murphey, W. K., & McAdoo, J. C. (1969). Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies on Tensile Properties of the Xylem of Robinia pseudoacacia L. Seedlings. Forest Science, 15(3), 251–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/15.3.251
(1991). Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI). https://doi.org/10.2172/5006030
Neely, D. (1981). Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer to Control Anthracnose of Black Walnut. Plant Disease, 65(7), 580. https://doi.org/10.1094/pd-65-580
Nelson, L., & Switzer, G. (1985). Trends in the maintenance of soil fertility in Mississippi nurseries. 222–236.
Nowak, J., & Friend, A. L. (2006). Loblolly pine and slash pine responses to acute aluminum and acid exposures. Tree Physiology, 26(9), 1207–1215. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/26.9.1207
Oliet, J., Planelles, R., Segura, M. L., Artero, F., & Jacobs, D. F. (2004). Mineral nutrition and growth of containerized Pinus halepensis seedlings under controlled-release fertilizer. Scientia Horticulturae, 103(1), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.04.019
Bruna, A. P. P., S eacute rgio, V. V., Mara, C. P. ocirc a da C., & Rodrigo, T. oacute rio de V. (2016). Potassium doses for African mahogany plants growth under two hydric conditions. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 11(22), 1973–1979. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11026
Perrenoud, S. (1990). Potassium and Plant Health. 365.
Pessin, L. (1937). The effect of nutrient deficiency on the growth of longleaf pine seedlings. Occasional Paper.
Phares, R. (1971). Fertilization tests with potted red oak seedlings. 4.
Pitel, J. A., & Wang, B. S. P. (1985). Physical and chemical treatments to improve laboratory germination of western white pine seeds. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 15(6), 1187–1190. https://doi.org/10.1139/x85-194
PlassarD, C., Guérin‐LaguettE, A., VérY, A. ‐A., Casarin, V., & Thibaud, J. ‐B. (2002). Local measurements of nitrate and potassium fluxes along roots of maritime pine. Effects of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant, Cell & Environment, 25(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00810.x
Pritchett, W., & Fisher, R. (1987). Properties and management of forest soils.
Puertolas, J. (2003). Effects of nutritional status and seedling size on field performance of Pinus halepensis planted on former arable land in the Mediterranean basin. Forestry, 76(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.159
Pwrnell, H. M. (1958). NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF PINUS RADIATA DON. Australian Forestry, 22(2), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1958.10675852
Radwan, M. A., & DeBell, D. S. (1981). Germination of red alder seed. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/pnw-rn-370
Ramírez-Cuevas, Y., & Rodríguez-Trejo, D. A. (2010). FROST RESISTANCE IN Pinus hartwegii SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT POTASSIUM TREATMENTS. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y Del Ambiente, XVI(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.5154/r.rchscfa.2009.09.032
RAUPACH, M., & HALL, M. J. (1972). Foliar Levels of Potassium in Relation to Potassium Deficiency Symptoms in Radiata Pine. Australian Forestry, 36(3), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1972.10675586
Richards, B. N., & From, F. R. (1965). EFFECT OF AMMONIUM NITRATE AND LIME ON GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF PINUS CARIBAEA. Australian Forestry, 29(4), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1965.10675967
RIKALA, R., & REPO, T. (1997). The effect of late summer fertilization on the frost hardening of second-year Scots pine seedlings. New Forests, 14(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006505919556
Rosendahl, R. O. (1943). The Effect of Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Fungi on the Availability of Difficultly Soluble Potassium and Phosphorus. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 7(C), 477–479. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1943.036159950007000c0080x
Rosendahl, R., & Korstian, C. F. (1945). EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON LOBLOLLY PINE IN A NORTH CAROLINA NURSERY. Plant Physiology, 20(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.1.19
Rowan, S. J. (1971). Soil Fertilization, Fumigation, and Temperature Affect Severity of Black Root Rot of Slash Pine. Phytopathology, 61(2), 184. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-61-184
Rowan, S. (1982). The control of phytotoxic fermentation of wetted packaging material during storage. Tree Planters. Notes, 3, 20–21.
Rowan, S. (1987). Effects of potassium fertilization in the nursery on survival and growth of pine seedlings in the plantation. Georgia Forestry Commission.
Rowan, S. J. (1977). Seedling Age and Fertilization Affect Susceptibility of Loblolly Pine to Fusiform Rust. Phytopathology, 77(2), 242. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto-67-242
Rupe, J. C., Widick, J. D., Sabbe, W. E., Robbins, R. T., & Becton, C. B. (2000). Effect of Chloride and Soybean Cultivar on Yield and the Development of Sudden Death Syndrome, Soybean Cyst Nematode, and Southern Blight. Plant Disease, 84(6), 669–674. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.6.669
RUSSELL, G. E. (1978). Some effects of applied sodium and potassium chloride on yellow rust in winter wheat. Annals of Applied Biology, 90(2), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1978.tb02623.x
Sakai, A. (1962). Studies on the frost-hardiness of woody plants.
The causal relation between sugar content and frost-hardiness. (n.d.). Contributions from the Institute of Low Temperature Science, B, 1–40.
Sarjala, T., Taulavuori, K., Savonen, E., & Edfast, A. (1997). Does availability of potassium affect cold hardening of Scots pine through polyamine metabolism? Physiologia Plantarum, 99(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1997.tb03430.x
Scarratt, J. (1986). An evaluation of some commercial soluble fertilizers for culture of jack pine container stock. 27.
Schaedle, M. (1959). A study on the growth of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings. 171.
Schomaker, C. E. (1969). Growth and Foliar Nutrition of White Pine Seedlings as Influenced by Simultaneous Changes in Moisture and Nutrient Supply. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 33(4), 614–618. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1969.03615995003300040035x
Schultz, R. C., Kormanik, P. P., Bryan, W. C., & Brister, G. H. (1979). Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza influence growth but not mineral concentrations in seedlings of eight sweetgum families. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 9(2), 218–223. https://doi.org/10.1139/x79-038
Shaw, T. M., Moore, J. A., & Marshall, J. D. (1998). Root chemistry of Douglas-fir seedlings grown under different nitrogen and potassium regimes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28(10), 1566–1573. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-28-10-1566
Shear, C., Myers, A., & Crane, H. (1953). Nutrient element balance: response of tung trees grown in sand culture to potassium, magnesium, calcium, and their interactions. 52.
Shi, W., Grossnickle, S. C., Li, G., Su, S., & Liu, Y. (2018). Fertilization and irrigation regimes influence on seedling attributes and field performance ofPinus tabuliformisCarr. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 92(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpy035
Shirley, H. L., & Meuli, L. J. (1939). THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL NUTRIENTS ON DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF TWO‐YEAR‐OLD RED PINE. American Journal of Botany, 26(6), 355–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1939.tb09287.x
Shoulders, E., & Tiarks, A. (1987). Slash pine shows mixed response to potassium fertilizer. 425–428.
Silva, M., Klar, A., & Passos, J. (2004). Efeitos do manejo hídrico e da aplicação de potássio nas características morfofisiológicas de mudas de. Eucalyptus Grandis W.(Hill Ex. Maiden). Irriga, 1, 31–40.
Simpson, J. (1985). Use of inorganic fertilizers and cover crops in exotic pine nurseries of southern Queensland, Australia. 203–221.
Smethurst, P., Knowles, A., Churchill, K., Wilkinson, A., & Lyons, A. (2007). Soil and foliar chemistry associated with potassium deficiency in Pinus radiata. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 37(6), 1093–1105. https://doi.org/10.1139/x06-307
Smethurst, P. J., Comeford, N. B., & Neary, D. G. (1993). Weed effects on early K and P nutrition and growth of slash pine on a Spodosol. Forest Ecology and Management, 60(1–2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90020-n
South, D. (2007). Freeze injury to roots of southern pine seedlings in the USA. Southern Hemisphere Forestry Journal, 69(3), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.2989/shfj.2007.69.3.3.353
South, D. (2019). Questions and considerations for the next generation of seedling fertilization researchers. Tree Planters. Notes, 2, 69–89.
South, D. B., & Donald, D. G. (2002). Effect of nursery conditioning treatments and fall fertilization on survival and early growth of Pinus taeda seedlings in Alabama, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32(7), 1171–1179. https://doi.org/10.1139/x02-039
South, D. B., Donald, D. G. M., & Rakestraw, J. L. (1993). Effect of Nursery Culture and Bud Status on Freeze Injury toPinus taedaandP elliottiiSeedlings. South African Forestry Journal, 166(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1993.9629397
South, D., Lyons, A., & Pohl, R. (2015). Transplant size affects early growth of a Pinus taeda clone. Mathematical and Computational Forestry & Natural Resource Sciences, 2, 39–48.
South, D. B., Mitchell, R. J., Dixon, R. K., & Vedder, M. (1988). New-Ground Syndrome: An Ectomycorrhizal Deficiency in Pine Nurseries. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 12(4), 234–239. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/12.4.234
Nadel, R. L., South, D. B., Enebak, S. A., & Bickerstaff, G. (2022). Sulfur and lime affect soil pH and nutrients in a sandy Pinus taeda nursery. REFORESTA, 4, 12–20. https://doi.org/10.21750/refor.4.02.41
South, D., Nadel, R., Enebak, S., & Bickerstaff, G. (2018). The nutrition of loblolly pine seedlings exhibits both positive (soil) and negative (foliage) correlations with seedling mass. Tree Planters. Notes, 2, 5–17.
South, D. B., & Zwolinksi, J. B. (1996). Chemicals Used in Southern Forest Nurseries. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 20(3), 127–135. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/20.3.127
Srivastava, P. B. L., Naruddin, A., & Zainorin, B. A. (1979). The response ofPinus caribaea mor. var. Hondurensis seedlings to nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium fertilizers. Plant and Soil, 51(2), 215–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02232885
Starkey, T., & Enebak, S. (2012). Foliar nutrient survey of loblolly and longleaf pine seedlings. 11.
Steinbeck, K. (1962). Effects of nutrients on slash pine seedlings grown in different media. 67.
Stoeckeler, J. H., & Arneman, H. F. (1960). Fertilizers In Forestry. In Advances in Agronomy (pp. 127–195). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60082-6
Stoeckeler, J., & Jones, G. (1957). Forest nursery practice in the Lake States. Agriculture Handbook 110. 124.
Stoeckeler, J., & Slabaugh, P. (1965). Conifer nursery practice in the prairie-plains. Agriculture Handbook, 98.
Stone, J. (1986). Topdress fertilization. 86–91.
Struve, D. (1995). Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium recovery of container-grown red oak and blackgum seedlings under different fertilizer application methods. J Environ Hort, 4, 169–175.
Sucoff, E. (1961). Potassium, magnesium, and calcium deficiency symptoms of loblolly and Virginia Pine seedlings. Station Paper NE-164. 18.
Sucoff, E. (1962). Potassium, magnesium, and calcium requirements of Virginia pine. Station Paper NE-169. 16.
Sung, S. S., Black, C. C., Kormanik, T. L., Zarnoch, S. J., Kormanik, P. P., & Counce, P. A. (1997). Fall nitrogen fertilization and the biology of Pinus taeda seedling development. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 27(9), 1406–1412. https://doi.org/10.1139/x97-112
Switzer, G. (1962). Some effects of nursery soil fertility on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planting stock. 151.
Switzer, G. L., & Nelson, L. E. (1956). The Effect of Fertilization on Seedling Weight and Utilization of N, P, and K by Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Grown in the Nursery. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 20(3), 404–408. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1956.03615995002000030029x
(N.d.-a). Reforesta Scientific Society.
Switzer, G. L., & Nelson, L. E. (1963). Effects of Nursery Fertility and Density on Seedling Characteristics, Yield, and Field Performance of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.). Soil Science Society of America Journal, 27(4), 461–464. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1963.03615995002700040028x
Taulavuori, K., Taulavuori, E., & Sheppard, L. J. (2014). Truths or myths, fact or fiction, setting the record straight concerning nitrogen effects on levels of frost hardiness. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 106, 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2013.12.022
Tint, H. (1945). Studies in the fusarium damping-off of conifers II. relation of age of host, pH, and some nutritional factors to the pathogenicity of fusarium. Phytopathology, 6, 440–457.
Colby, M. K., & Lewis, G. D. (1973). Economics of containerized conifer seedlings /. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.99921
Triebwasser, M., & Altsuler, S. (1995). Fertilization practices and application procedures at Weyerhaeuser. 84–88.
Rodrı́guez-Trejo, D. A., Duryea, M. L., White, T. L., English, J. R., & McGuire, J. (2003). Artificially regenerating longleaf pine in canopy gaps: initial survival and growth during a year of drought. Forest Ecology and Management, 180(1–3), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(02)00557-1
Trolldenier, G. (1985). Effect of Potassium Chloride vs. Potassium Sulphate Fertilization at Different Soil Moisture on Take‐All of Wheat. Journal of Phytopathology, 112(1), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1985.tb00790.x
Ursic, S. (1956). Late winter prelifting fertilization of loblolly seedbeds. Tree Planters’ Notes, 11–13.
Vaartaja, O. (1956). Screening fungicides for controlling damping-off of tree seedlings. Phytopathology, 7, 387–390.
van den Driessche, R. (1984). Soil Fertility in Forest Nurseries. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 63–74). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_7
Van Den Driessche, R. (1991). Effects of nutrients on stock performance in the forest. 229–260.
Driessche, R. van den. (1992). Changes in drought resistance and root growth capacity of container seedlings in response to nursery drought, nitrogen, and potassium treatments. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 22(5), 740–749. https://doi.org/10.1139/x92-100
Van Den Driessche, R. (1997). Are differences in formulations of fertilizers for use at planting important? 101–111.
Driessche, R. V. D., & Ponsford, D. (1995). Nitrogen induced potassium deficiency in white spruce (Piceaglauca) and Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii) seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 25(9), 1445–1454. https://doi.org/10.1139/x95-157
Rees, K. C. J. V., & Comerford, N. B. (1990). The role of woody roots of slash pine seedlings in water and potassium absorption. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20(8), 1183–1191. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-157
VanderSchaaf, C., & McNabb, K. (2004). Winter nitrogen fertilization of loblolly pine seedlings. Plant and Soil, 265(1–2), 295–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-0510-x
Wahlenberg, W. (1930). Experiments in the use of fertilizers in growing forest planting material at the Savenac Nursery. USDA Circular 125. 38.
Wakeley, P. (1954). Foliage symptoms as indicators of potassium-deficient soils. Forest Sci, 2, 113–120.
RF, W., RB, S., & DW, J. (2016). Root System Development of Juvenile Ponderosa Pine as Influenced by Soil Type and Nutritional Augmentation. Forest Research: Open Access, 05(04). https://doi.org/10.4172/2168-9776.1000187
(N.d.-b). Reforesta Scientific Society.
Wall, M. (1994). Influence of fertilization on nutrient status of bare-root Pinus taeda L. seedlings. MS thesis.
Ward, D., & Johnson, T. (1985). Determination of optimum seedling bed density for bare-root Honduras Caribbean pine. 118–125.
Westveld, R. (1946). Response of slash pine (Pinus caribaea Morelet). to various nutrients in Norfolk soils in Florida. 251.
Whittier, W. (2018). Nutrient disorder foliar symptoms, foliar nutrient levels and predictive near-infrared spectroscopy nutrient models of teak (Tectona grandis Lf). 199.
Wilde, S. (1938). Soil fertility standards for growing northern conifers in forest nurseries. J Agric Res, 12, 945–952.
Wilde, S. (1946). Forest soils and forest growth. Chronica Botanica.
Wilde, S. A., & Kopitke, J. C. (1940). Base Exchange Properties of Nursery Soils and the Application of Potash Fertilizers. Journal of Forestry, 38(4), 330–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/38.4.330
Wilde, S. A., & Wittenkamp, R. (1939). The Phosphate and Potash Starvation of Forest Seedlings as a Result of the Shallow Application of Organic Matter. Journal of Forestry, 37(4), 333–335. https://doi.org/10.1093/jof/37.4.333
Will, G. M. (1961). Magnesium deficiency in pine seedlings growing in pumice soil nurseries. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(1–2), 151–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1961.10419929
Will, G. (1978). Nutrient deficiencies in Pinus radiata in New Zealand. NZ J Forest Sci, 1, 4–14.
Will, G. M., & Youngberg, C. T. (1978). Sulfur Status of Some Central Oregon Pumice Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(1), 132–134. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200010029x
Williams, R., Funk, D., Phares, R., Lemmien, W., & Russell, T. (1974). Apparent freeze damage to black walnut seedlings related to seed source and fertilizer treatment. Tree Planters’ Notes, 3, 6–8.
Ylimartimo, A. (1990). The effect of nitrogen and potassium availability on scleroderris canker of scots pine seedlings. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 54(2), 307–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02385249
Young, C. (1981). Open-root Nursery Techniques and Planting Methods. South African Forestry Journal, 117(1), 68–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1981.9630032
Youngberg, C. (1952). Maintenance of nursery soil fertility. 16–31.
Youngberg, C. T. (1984). Soil and Tissue Analysis: Tools for Maintaining Soil Fertility. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 75–80). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_8
Citation
Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article metrics
Google scholar:
See link
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
