Reforestation challenges in Southeast Europe facing climate change

Vladan Ivetić; Jovana Devetaković

doi:10.21750/10.21750/refor.1.10.10

Citations

Jaroslaw Janus, Piotr Bozek

(2019)

Land abandonment in Poland after the collapse of socialism: Over a quarter of a century of increasing tree cover on agricultural land

Ecological Engineering, 138()

10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.06.017

John A. Stanturf, Vladan Ivetić, R. Kasten Dumroese

(2024)

Framing recent advances in assisted migration of Trees: A Special Issue

Forest Ecology and Management, 551()

10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121552

Ivan Repáč, Zuzana Parobeková, Matúš Sendecký

(2017)

Reforestation in Slovakia: History, current practice and perspectives

REFORESTA, (3)

10.21750/REFOR.3.07.31

L P Gul, L T Krupskaya, D A Golubev, M Yu Filatova, K A Kolobanov

(2019)

The restoration of the Far Eastern forests in modern conditions and their effective use

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 316(1)

10.1088/1755-1315/316/1/012008

Jaroslaw Janus, Piotr Bozek

(2019)

Aerial laser scanning reveals the dynamics of cropland abandonment in Poland

Journal of Land Use Science, 14(4-6)

10.1080/1747423X.2019.1709226

Vladan Ivetić, Jelena Aleksić

(2016)

Response of rare and endangered species Picea omorika to climate change - The need for speed

REFORESTA, (2)

10.21750/REFOR.2.09.24

Pilar Castro-Díez, Dušan Gömöry, Alberto Maltoni, Barbara Mariotti, Milan Mataruga, Andrea Piotti, Radosław Puchałka, Mária Šibíková, Roberto Tognetti

(2026)

Guidelines for Climate Adaptive Forest Restoration and Reforestation Projects

, ()

10.1016/B978-0-443-34086-4.00006-2

Mahmut Cercioglu, Nebi Bilir

(2016)

Seed Source Effect on Quality and Morphology of Turkish Red Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Seedlings

REFORESTA, (2)

10.21750/REFOR.2.01.16

Justyna Wójcik-Leń, Przemysław Leń Leń

(2021)

Proposed algorithm for the identification of rural areas with regard to variability of soil quality

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 188()

10.1016/j.compag.2021.106318

Matteo Dell’Oro, Milan Mataruga, Ute Sass-Klaassen, Patrick Fonti

(2020)

Climate change threatens on endangered relict Serbian spruce

Dendrochronologia, 59()

10.1016/j.dendro.2019.125651

Vladan Ivetić, Jelena M. Aleksić

(2019)

Forests of Southeast Europe Under a Changing Climate

Advances in Global Change Research, 65()

10.1007/978-3-319-95267-3_30

Mika Yoshida, Rin Sakurai, Hideo Sakai

(2019)

Forest road planning using precision geographic data under climate change

International Journal of Forest Engineering, 30(3)

10.1080/14942119.2018.1498687

Nebi Bilir

(2017)

General over-view of forest establishment in Turkey

REFORESTA, (3)

10.21750/REFOR.3.06.30

Xuan Zhao, Taixia Wu, Shudong Wang, Kai Liu, Jingyu Yang

(2023)

Cropland abandonment mapping at sub-pixel scales using crop phenological information and MODIS time-series images

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 208()

10.1016/j.compag.2023.107763

Jorge Del Río San José, José Reque Kilchenmann, Andrés Martínez De Azagra Paredes

(2018)

To replant or to irrigate: A silvicultural decision model for afforestation projects

Forest Policy and Economics, 93()

10.1016/j.forpol.2018.05.007

Dragica M Stanković, Jovana R Devetaković

(2016)

Application of plants in remediation of contaminated sites

REFORESTA, (1)

10.21750/REFOR.1.15.15

Marko Kazimirović, Branko Stajić

(2025)

Potential effects of climate change on growth and the implications for conservation of the endangered Serbian spruce (Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk.)

Forest Ecosystems, 12()

10.1016/j.fecs.2024.100287

Durmuş Çetinkaya, Nebi Bilir

(2020)

Effect of using harvesting residues as a nursery media on seedling weight in Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.)

REFORESTA, (9)

10.21750/REFOR.9.05.79

Kostas Ioannidis, Marianthi Tsakaldimi, Katerina Koutsovoulou, Evangelia N. Daskalakou, Petros Ganatsas

(2021)

Effect of Seedling Provenance and Site Heterogeneity on Abies cephalonica Performance in a Post-Fire Environment

Sustainability, 13(11)

10.3390/su13116097

Branko Kanjevac, Janko Ljubičić, Ivona Kerkez Janković, Ljubica Mijatović, Jovana Devetaković

(2024)

Regeneration of hilly-mountainous oak forests in Serbia – past experiences and future perspectives

REFORESTA, (18)

10.21750/REFOR.18.03.119

Vladan Ivetić, Donato Chiatante, Luna Morcillo

(2026)

Guidelines for Climate Adaptive Forest Restoration and Reforestation Projects

, ()

10.1016/B978-0-443-34086-4.00008-6

Steven C. Grossnickle, Joanne E. MacDonald

(2026)

Seedling field performance on hot, dry forest restoration sites: influence of plant attributes

New Forests, 57(2)

10.1007/s11056-025-10140-7

Dana Dina Kolevska, Ivan Blinkov, Pande Trajkov, Vladimir Maletić

(2017)

Reforestation in Macedonia: History, current practice and future perspectives

REFORESTA, (3)

10.21750/REFOR.3.13.37

Dexter Achu Mosoh, Om Prakash, Ashok Kumar Khandel, Wagner A. Vendrame

(2024)

Preserving earth’s flora in the 21st century: climate, biodiversity, and global change factors since the mid-1940s

Frontiers in Conservation Science, 5()

10.3389/fcosc.2024.1383370

Vladan Ivetić, Jovana Devetaković

(2017)

Concerns and evidence on genetic diversity in planted forests

REFORESTA, (3)

10.21750/REFOR.3.15.39

Arthur Novikov, Sergey Sokolov, Michael Drapalyuk, Vladimir Zelikov, Vladan Ivetić

(2019)

Performance of Scots Pine Seedlings from Seeds Graded by Colour

Forests, 10(12)

10.3390/f10121064

Jaroslaw Janus, Piotr Bozek

(2018)

Using ALS data to estimate afforestation and secondary forest succession on agricultural areas: An approach to improve the understanding of land abandonment causes

Applied Geography, 97()

10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.06.002

Reforestation challenges in Southeast Europe facing climate change

Published: 05.06.2016.

Volume 1, Issue 1 (2016)

pp. 178-220;

https://doi.org/10.21750/10.21750/refor.1.10.10

Abstract

Projections of the regional climate model for Southeast Europe generally predict an increasing of temperature and a decrease in precipitation, with some local variations. Higher frequency of extreme weather events and increased flooding can also be expected. This climate change will, among other things, result in changes in habitats and species distribution, and a decrease in biodiversity. In most cases, forest ecosystems will be unable to adapt fast enough to keep pace with changes in climate. Extreme weather events and low precipitation during the growing season will cause high mortality of seedlings after planting. New forests will face the whole range of these changes because of the long lifetime of trees. Reforestation programs must take projections of climate change into consideration. In the long term, new guidelines for site-species matching, provenance selection, and genetic diversity need to be adopted. In the short term, site preparation, planting techniques, and post planting protection need to be improved. In addition, seedling quality (morphological, physiological, and genetic) and planting time need to be specific for each site. New site preparation, planting, and post-planting protection methods are useful tools for short term success measured in seedling survival and initial growth. Seedling quality is essential for short and long term success. Different strategies, such as assisted migration and increased genetic diversity of planting material, can provide better chances for long term success measured in growth, fitness, and capability to produce the next, better adapted generation.

Keywords

Seedling Field Performance

References

Aghai, M. M., Pinto, J. R., & Davis, A. S. (2014). Container volume and growing density influence western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) seedling development during nursery culture and establishment. New Forests, 45(2), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-013-9402-8

Aguadé, D., Poyatos, R., Rosas, T., & Martínez-Vilalta, J. (n.d.). Comparative Drought Responses of Quercus ilex L. and Pinus sylvestris L. in a Montane Forest Undergoing a Vegetation Shift. Forests, 6(8), 2505–2529. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6082505

Aitken, S. N., Yeaman, S., Holliday, J. A., Wang, T., & Curtis‐McLane, S. (2008). Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for tree populations. Evolutionary Applications, 1(1), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x

Ameztegui, A., Coll, L., & Messier, C. (2015). Modelling the effect of climate-induced changes in recruitment and juvenile growth on mixed-forest dynamics: The case of montane–subalpine Pyrenean ecotones. Ecological Modelling, 313, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.029

Andivia, E., Fernández, M., & Vázquez-Piqué, J. (2014). Assessing the effect of late-season fertilization on Holm oak plant quality: insights from morpho–nutritional characterizations and water relations parameters. New Forests, 45(2), 149–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-013-9397-1

AndrejeviÄ‡, M. (1959). Are gradoni new in our country? In Serbian: Ð”Ð° Ð»Ð ̧ ÑÑƒ Ð3Ñ€Ð°Ð ́Ð3⁄4Ð1⁄2Ð ̧ Ð1⁄2Ð3⁄4Ð2Ð ̧Ð1⁄2Ð° Ð·Ð° Ð1⁄2Ð°ÑˆÑƒ Ð·ÐμÐ1⁄4ÑTMÑƒ?]. Å umarstvo (Vols. 5–6, pp. 268–272).

Aug 4â€"9. (1985). Proceedings: International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines, 126–135.

B. South, D. (2012). Planting Deep Increases Early Survival and Growth of Pinus echinata Seedlings. The Open Forest Science Journal, 5(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874398601205010033

Babu, A. G., Shea, P. J., & Oh, B.-T. (2014). Trichoderma sp. PDR1-7 promotes Pinus sylvestris reforestation of lead-contaminated mine tailing sites. Science of The Total Environment, 476–477, 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.119

Bai, S.-L., Li, G.-L., Liu, Y., Kasten Dumroese, R., & Lv, R.-H. (2009). Ostryopsis davidiana seedlings inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi facilitate formation of mycorrhizae on Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. Mycorrhiza, 19(6), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-009-0245-2

Balneaves, J., Menzies, M., & Hong, S. (1996). Establishment practices can improve longer â€“ term growth of Pinus radiata on a dry-land hill forest. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 26, 370–379.

Bankovic, S., Medarevic, M., Pantic, D., Petrovic, N., Sljukic, B., & Obradovic, S. (2009). The growing stock of the Republic of Serbia: State and problems. Glasnik Sumarskog Fakulteta, 100, 7–29. https://doi.org/10.2298/GSF0900007B

Barberá, G. G., Martínez-Fernández, F., Álvarez-Rogel, J., Albaladejo, J., & Castillo, V. (2005). Short- and intermediate-term effects of site and plant preparation techniques on reforestation of a Mediterranean semiarid ecosystem with Pinus halepensis Mill. New Forests, 29(2), 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-0248-6

Barnett, J. P., & Brissette, J. C. (1986). Producing southern pine seedlings in containers. https://doi.org/10.2737/SO-GTR-59

Barnett, J. P., & McGilvray, J. M. (1993). Performance of Container and Bareroot Loblolly Pine Seedlings on Bottomlands in South Carolina. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 17(2), 80–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.2.80

Bauman, J. M., Keiffer, C. H., & Hiremath, S. (2012). Facilitation of American Chestnut (Castanea dentata) Seedling Establishment byPinus virginianain Mine Restoration. International Journal of Ecology, 2012, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/257326

Bayley, A. D., & Kietzka, J. W. (1997). Stock quality and field performance of Pinus patula seedlings produced under two nursery growing regimes during seven different nursery production periods. New Forests, 13(1–3), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006550728250

Beaulieu, J., & Rainville, A. (2005). Adaptation to climate change: Genetic variation is both a short- and a long-term solution. The Forestry Chronicle, 81(5), 704–709. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc81704-5

Bellot, J. (2002). The effects of treeshelters on the growth of Quercus coccifera L. seedlings in a semiarid environment. Forestry, 75(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/75.1.89

Blanco-García, A., Sáenz-Romero, C., Martorell, C., Alvarado-Sosa, P., & Lindig-Cisneros, R. (2011). Nurse-plant and mulching effects on three conifer species in a Mexican temperate forest. Ecological Engineering, 37(6), 994–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.01.012

Boateng, J. O., Heineman, J. L., Bedford, L., Harper, G. J., & Linnell Nemec, A. F. (2009). Long-term effects of site preparation and postplanting vegetation control onPicea glaucasurvival, growth and predicted yield in boreal British Columbia. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 24(2), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580902759685

Bodin, J., Badeau, V., Bruno, E., Cluzeau, C., Moisselin, J., Walther, G., & Dupouey, J. (2013). Shifts of forest species along an elevational gradient in Southeast France: climate change or stand maturation? Journal of Vegetation Science, 24(2), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01456.x

Bower, A. D., Clair, J. B. St., & Erickson, V. (2014). Generalized provisional seed zones for native plants. Ecological Applications, 24(5), 913–919. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0285.1

Boyer, J. N., & South, D. B. (1987). Excessive seedling height, high shoot-to-root ratio and benomyl dip reduce survival of stored loblolly pine seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes, 37, 19–21.

Bradley, F. R. (1962). Survival of planted Douglas-fir seedlings on severe sites using the paper sheet mulch planting method.

Breed, M. F., Stead, M. G., Ottewell, K. M., Gardner, M. G., & Lowe, A. J. (2013). Which provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing environment. Conservation Genetics, 14(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-012-0425-z

Broadhurst, L. M., Lowe, A., Coates, D. J., Cunningham, S. A., McDonald, M., Vesk, P. A., & Yates, C. (2008). Seed supply for broadscale restoration: maximizing evolutionary potential. Evolutionary Applications, 1(4), 587–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00045.x

Bryan, D., Arnold, M., Volder, A., Watson, W. T., Lombardini, L., Sloan, J., Valdez-Aguilar, L., & Cartmill, A. (2010). Transplant Season, Irrigation, and Planting Depth Effects on Landscape Establishment of Baldcypress and Sycamore. Arboriculture & Urban Forestry, 36(2), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2010.008

Burdett, A. N. (1990). Physiological processes in plantation establishment and the development of specifications for forest planting stock. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20(4), 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-059

Buse, L. J., & Day, R. J. (1989). Conditioning three boreal conifers by root pruning and wrenching. Tree Planters’ Notes, 40, 33–39.

Calama, R., Puértolas, J., Manso, R., & Pardos, M. (2015). Defining the optimal regeneration niche for Pinus pinea L. through physiology-based models for seedling survival and carbon assimilation. Trees, 29(6), 1761–1771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1257-5

Carlson, W. C. (1986). Root System Considerations in the Quality of Loblolly Pine Seedlings. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 10(2), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/10.2.87

Carneiro, J. G. de A., Barroso, D. G., & Soares, L. M. da S. (2007). Growth of bare root Pinus taeda, L. seedlings cultivated under five densities in nursery. Scientia Agricola, 64(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162007000100004

Castro, J., Zamora, R., Hódar, J. A., & Gómez, J. M. (2002). Use of Shrubs as Nurse Plants: A New Technique for Reforestation in Mediterranean Mountains. Restoration Ecology, 10(2), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01022.x

Ceacero, C., Navarro-Cerrillo, R., Díaz-Hernández, J., & Del Campo, A. (n.d.). Is tree shelter protection an effective complement to weed competition management in improving the morpho-physiological response of holm oak planted seedlings? IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 7(5), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1126-007

Chaar, H., Mechergui, T., Khouaja, A., & Abid, H. (2008). Effects of treeshelters and polyethylene mulch sheets on survival and growth of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings planted in northwestern Tunisia. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(4), 722–731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.027

Chakraborty, D., Wang, T., Andre, K., Konnert, M., Lexer, M. J., Matulla, C., & Schueler, S. (n.d.). Selecting Populations for Non-Analogous Climate Conditions Using Universal Response Functions: The Case of Douglas-Fir in Central Europe. PLOS ONE, 10(8), e0136357. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136357

Chanway, C. P. (1997). Inoculation of Tree Roots with Plant Growth Promoting Soil Bacteria: An Emerging Technology for Reforestation. Forest Science, 43(1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/43.1.99

Chanway, C. P., & Holl, F. B. (1991). Biomass increase and associative nitrogen fixation of mycorrhizal Pinus contorta seedlings inoculated with a plant growth promoting Bacillus strain. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69(3), 507–511. https://doi.org/10.1139/b91-069

Chanway, C. P., & Holl, F. B. (1993). First year field performance of spruce seedlings inoculated with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 39(11), 1084–1088. https://doi.org/10.1139/m93-164

Chanway, C. P., & Holl, F. B. (1994). Growth of outplanted Lodgepole pine seedlings one year after inoculation with plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria. For Sci, 40, 238–246.

Chanway, C. P., Shishido, M., Nairn, J., Jungwirth, S., Markham, J., Xiao, G., & Holl, F. B. (2000). Endophytic colonization and field responses of hybrid spruce seedlings after inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Forest Ecology and Management, 133(1–2), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00300-X

Chavasse, C. G. R. (1977). The significance of planting height as an indicator of subsequent seedling growth. New Zeal J Forest, 22, 283–296.

Cheddadi, R., Birks, H. J. B., Tarroso, P., Liepelt, S., Gömöry, D., Dullinger, S., Meier, E. S., Hülber, K., Maiorano, L., & Laborde, H. (2014). Revisiting tree-migration rates: Abies alba (Mill.), a case study. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 23(2), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-013-0404-4

Chirino, E., Vilagrosa, A., Cortina, J., Valdecantos, A., Fuentes, D., Trubat, R., Luis, V. C., Puertolas, J., Bautista, S., Baeza, J., Penuelas, J. L., & Vallejo, V. R. (2009). Ecological restoration in degraded drylands: the need to improve the seedling quality and site conditions in the field. 85–158.

Chirino, E., Vilagrosa, A., Hernández, E. I., Matos, A., & Vallejo, V. R. (2008). Effects of a deep container on morpho-functional characteristics and root colonization in Quercus suber L. seedlings for reforestation in Mediterranean climate. Forest Ecology and Management, 256(4), 779–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.035

Chirino, E., Vilagrosa, A., & Vallejo, V. R. (2011). Using hydrogel and clay to improve the water status of seedlings for dryland restoration. Plant and Soil, 344(1–2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0730-1

Coello-Gomez, J., Fuentes-Boix, C., & Pique, M. (2015). Innovative soil conditioning and mulching techniques for forest restoration in Mediterranean conditions. Proceedings: International Conference Reforestation Challenges, 201–210.

Cogliastro, A., Gagnon, D., & Bouchard, A. (1997). Is site preparation necessary for bur oak receiving post-planting weed control? Annales Des Sciences Forestières, 54(1), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19970108

Corlett, R. T., & Westcott, D. A. (2013). Will plant movements keep up with climate change? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28(8), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.04.003

Critchley, W., & Siegert, K. (1991). Water Harvesting â€“ A manual for the design and construction of water harvesting schemes for plant production.

Cuesta, B., Villar-Salvador, P., Puértolas, J., Jacobs, D. F., & Rey Benayas, J. M. (2010). Why do large, nitrogen rich seedlings better resist stressful transplanting conditions? A physiological analysis in two functionally contrasting Mediterranean forest species. Forest Ecology and Management, 260(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.002

Curiel-Esparza, J., Gonzalez-Utrillas, N., Canto-Perello, J., & Martin-Utrillas, M. (2015). Integrating climate change criteria in reforestation projects using a hybrid decision-support system. Environmental Research Letters, 10(9), 094022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/9/094022

Davis, A. S., & Jacobs, D. F. (2005). Quantifying root system quality of nursery seedlings and relationship to outplanting performance. New Forests, 30(2–3), 295–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7480-y

DEANS, J. D., LUNDBERG, C., CANNELL, M. G. R., MURRAY, M. B., & SHEPPARD, L. J. (1990). Root System Fibrosity of Sitka Spruce Transplants: Relationship with Root Growth Potential. Forestry, 63(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/63.1.1-a

del Campo, A. D., Navarro, R. M., Aguilella, A., & González, E. (2006). Effect of tree shelter design on water condensation and run-off and its potential benefit for reforestation establishment in semiarid climates. Forest Ecology and Management, 235(1–3), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.003

Delzon, S., Urli, M., Samalens, J.-C., Lamy, J.-B., Lischke, H., Sin, F., Zimmermann, N. E., & Porté, A. J. (n.d.). Field Evidence of Colonisation by Holm Oak, at the Northern Margin of Its Distribution Range, during the Anthropocene Period. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e80443. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080443

Devine, W. D., & Harrington, C. A. (2008). Influence of four tree shelter types on microclimate and seedling performance of Oregon white oak and western redcedar. https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-RP-576

Dey, D. C., & Parker, W. C. (1997). Overstory Density Affects Field Performance of Underplanted Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Ontario. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 14(3), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/14.3.120

Diku, A. (2011). The impact of climate change on food production/selected crop yields in Albania. In The impacts of climate change on food production in the Western Balkan Region, Report Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (pp. 1–23).

Dominguez, J. A., Martin, A., Anriquez, A., & Albanesi, A. (2012). The combined effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Tuber melanosporum on the quality of Pinus halepensis seedlings. Mycorrhiza, 22(6), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0420-0

Domínguez Núñez, J. A., Serrano, J. S., Barreal, J. A. R., & González, J. A. S. de O. (2006). The influence of mycorrhization with Tuber melanosporum in the afforestation of a Mediterranean site with Quercus ilex and Quercus faginea. Forest Ecology and Management, 231(1–3), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.052

Dreesen, D. R., & Fenchel, G. A. (2010). Deep-planting techniques to establish riparian vegetation in arid and semiarid regions. Native Plants Journal, 11(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.2979/NPJ.2010.11.1.15

Driessche, R. van den. (1991). Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of seedlings following planting. I. Survival and growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21(5), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1139/x91-077

Dubois, M. R., Chappelka, A. H., Robbins, E., Somers, G., & Baker, K. (2000). Tree shelters and weed control: Effects on protection, survival and growth of cherrybark oak seedlings planted on a cutover site. New Forests, 20(2), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006704016209

Dumroese, R. K., Landis, T. D., Pinto, J. R., Haase, D. L., Wilkinson, K. W., & Davis, A. S. (n.d.). Meeting Forest Restoration Challenges: Using the Target Plant Concept. REFORESTA, 1, 37–52. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.1.03.3

Dumroese, R. K., Williams, M. I., Stanturf, J. A., & Clair, J. B. St. (2015). Considerations for restoring temperate forests of tomorrow: forest restoration, assisted migration, and bioengineering. New Forests, 46(5–6), 947–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9504-6

Duñabeitia, M., Rodrı́guez, N., Salcedo, I., & Sarrionandia, E. (2004). Field mycorrhization and its influence on the establishment and development of the seedlings in a broadleaf plantation in the Basque Country. Forest Ecology and Management, 195(1–2), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.038

Dunstan, W. A., Malajczuk, N., & Dell, B. (1998). Effects of bacteria on mycorrhizal development and growth of container grown Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. seedlings. Plant and Soil, 201(2), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004329626763

Duponnois, R., & Garbaye, J. (1991). Effect of dual inoculation of Douglas fir with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata and mycorrhization helper bacteria (MHB) in two bare-root forest nurseries. Plant and Soil, 138(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00012243

Duponnois, R., Ouahmane, L., Kane, A., Thioulouse, J., Hafidi, M., Boumezzough, A., Prin, Y., Baudoin, E., Galiana, A., & Dreyfus, B. (2011). Nurse shrubs increased the early growth of Cupressus seedlings by enhancing belowground mutualism and soil microbial activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.06.020

Duryea, M. L. (1984). Nursery Cultural Practices: Impacts on Seedling Quality. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 143–164). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_15

Ehrentraut, G., & Branter, K. (1990). Vegetation Management by Manual and Mechanical Means in Alberta Boreal Forests. The Forestry Chronicle, 66(4), 366–368. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc66366-4

Endo, M., Yamamura, Y., Tanaka, A., Nakano, T., & Yasuda, T. (2008). Nurse-Plant Effects of a Dwarf Shrub on the Establishment of Tree Seedlings in a Volcanic Desert on Mt. Fuji, Central Japan. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 40(2), 335–342. https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(07-013)[ENDO]2.0.CO;2

Enebak, S. A., Wei, G., & Kloepper, J. W. (1998). Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria on Loblolly and Slash Pine Seedlings. Forest Science, 44(1), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/44.1.139

Europe, F. (2015). (p. 314).

FAO, F. R. A. (2015). Global forest resources assessment 2015 Desk reference. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome. 253.

Feurdean, A., Bhagwat, S. A., Willis, K. J., Birks, H. J. B., Lischke, H., & Hickler, T. (n.d.). Tree Migration-Rates: Narrowing the Gap between Inferred Post-Glacial Rates and Projected Rates. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e71797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071797

Flint, L. E., & Childs, S. W. (1987). Effect of shading, mulching and vegetation control on Douglas-Fir seedling growth and soil water supply. Forest Ecology and Management, 18(3), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(87)90160-5

Franco, A. C., & Nobel, P. S. (1989). Effect of Nurse Plants on the Microhabitat and Growth of Cacti. The Journal of Ecology, 77(3), 870. https://doi.org/10.2307/2260991

Gadow, K. V., & Kotze, H. (2014). Tree survival and maximum density of planted forests observations from South African spacing studies. Forest Ecosystems, 1(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/PREACCEPT-1023971784138920

Gómez-Aparicio, L., Zamora, R., Gómez, J. M., Hódar, J. A., Castro, J., & Baraza, E. (2004). APPLYING PLANT FACILITATION TO FOREST RESTORATION: A META‐ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SHRUBS AS NURSE PLANTS. Ecological Applications, 14(4), 1128–1138. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5084

Gould, P. J., & Harrington, C. A. (2009). Root morphology and growth of bare-root seedlings of Oregon white oak. Tree Plant, 53, 22–28.

Gray, L. K., Gylander, T., Mbogga, M. S., Chen, P., & Hamann, A. (2011). Assisted migration to address climate change: recommendations for aspen reforestation in western Canada. Ecological Applications, 21(5), 1591–1603. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1054.1

Gray, L. K., & Hamann, A. (n.d.). Strategies for Reforestation under Uncertain Future Climates: Guidelines for Alberta, Canada. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e22977. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022977

Gray, L. K., & Hamann, A. (2013). Tracking suitable habitat for tree populations under climate change in western North America. Climatic Change, 117(1–2), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-012-0548-8

Groninger, J. W., Baer, S. G., Babassana, D.-A., & Allen, D. H. (2004). Planted green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) and herbaceous vegetation responses to initial competition control during the first 3 years of afforestation. Forest Ecology and Management, 189(1–3), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2003.07.039

Grossnickle, S. C. (2000). Ecophysiology of northern spruce species: the performance of planted seedlings (p. 407).

Grossnickle, S. C. (2005a). Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress. New Forests, 30(2–3), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-8303-2

Grossnickle, S. C. (2005b). Seedling size and reforestation success. How big is big enough? Colombo SJ (Compiler), The Thin Green Line: A Symposium on the State-of-the-Art in Reforestation, Forest Research Information Paper 160, Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Sault Ste, 138 144.

Grossnickle, S. C. (2012). Why seedlings survive: influence of plant attributes. New Forests, 43(5–6), 711–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9336-6

Grossnickle, S. C., & El-Kassaby, Y. A. (2016). Bareroot versus container stocktypes: a performance comparison. New Forests, 47(1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9476-6

Grossnickle, S. C., & Folk, R. S. (1993). Stock quality assessment: Forecasting survival or performance on a reforestation site. Tree Plant, 44, 113–121.

Grossnickle, S. C., & Reid, C. P. P. (1982). The use of ectomycorrhizal conifer seedlings in the revegetation of a high-elevation mine site. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 12(2), 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1139/x82-051

Grossnickle, S. C., & Reid, C. P. P. (1983). Ectomycorrhiza formation and root development patterns of conifer seedlings on a high-elevation mine site. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 13(6), 1145–1158. https://doi.org/10.1139/x83-153

Grossnickle, S. C., & Reid, C. P. P. (1984). Water relations of Engelmann spruce seedlings on a high-elevation mine site: an example of how reclamation techniques can alter microclimate and edaphic conditions. Reclam Reveg Res, 3, 199–221.

Guarnaschelli, A. B., Prystupa, P., & Lemcoff, J. H. (2006). Drought conditioning improves water status, stomatal conductance and survival ofEucalyptus globulussubsp. bicostataseedlings. Annals of Forest Science, 63(8), 941–950. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006077

Guo, Q., & Ren, H. (2014). Productivity as related to diversity and age in planted versus natural forests. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(12), 1461–1471. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12238

Hamann, A., Gylander, T., & Chen, P. (2011). Developing seed zones and transfer guidelines with multivariate regression trees. Tree Genetics & Genomes, 7(2), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-010-0341-7

Harper, G. J., Comeau, P. G., Biring, B. S., Reid, W. J., & Fielder, P. (1998). A comparison of mulch mat and herbicide treatments for reducing grass competition in the IDFww.

Haywood, J. D. (1999). Durability of selected mulches, their ability to control weeds, and influence growth of loblolly pine seedlings. New Forests, 18(3), 263–276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006699910149

Haywood, J. D., Sung, S.-J. S., & Sword Sayer, M. A. (2012). Copper Root Pruning and Container Cavity Size Influence Longleaf Pine Growth through Five Growing Seasons. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, 36(3), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.5849/sjaf.10-051

Heryati. (2011). Assessing Forest Plantation Productivity of Exotic and Indigenous Species on Degraded Secondary Forests. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 6(2), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2011.201.208

Hipps, N. A., Higgs, K. H., & Collard, L. G. (1996). The effect of irrigation and root pruning on the growth of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) seedlings in nursery beds and after transplantation. Journal of Horticultural Science, 71(5), 819–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.1996.11515464

Hobbs, S. D. (1992). Seedling and site interactions. In Reforestation practices in Southwestern Oregon and Northern California (pp. 114–135).

Hobbs, S. D., Stafford, S. G., & Slagle, R. L. (1987). Undercutting conifer seedlings: effect on morphology and field performance on droughty sites. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17(1), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1139/x87-008

Howe, G. T., Aitken, S. N., Neale, D. B., Jermstad, K. D., Wheeler, N. C., & Chen, T. H. (2003). From genotype to phenotype: unraveling the complexities of cold adaptation in forest trees. Canadian Journal of Botany, 81(12), 1247–1266. https://doi.org/10.1139/b03-141

Hytönen, J., & Jylhä, P. (n.d.-a). Effects of competing vegetation and post-planting weed control on the mortality, growth and vole damages to Betula pendula planted on former agricultural land. Silva Fennica, 39(3). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.374

Hytönen, J., & Jylhä, P. (n.d.-b). Fifteen-year response of weed control intensity and seedling type on Norway spruce survival and growth on arable land. Silva Fennica, 42(3). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.242

Ionov, N., Plugtschieva, M., & Milev, M. (2000). Afforestation programmes in Bulgaria. NEWFOR Â€“ New Forests for Europe: Afforestation at the Turn of the Century, EFI Proc. 35, 213–220.

I.P.C.C. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. In Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate (p. 151).

Isaac‐Renton, M. G., Roberts, D. R., Hamann, A., & Spiecker, H. (2014). Douglas‐fir plantations in Europe: a retrospective test of assisted migration to address climate change. Global Change Biology, 20(8), 2607–2617. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12604

Iverson, L. R., Schwartz, M. W., & Prasad, A. M. (2004). How fast and far might tree species migrate in the eastern United States due to climate change? Global Ecology and Biogeography, 13(3), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-822X.2004.00093.x

IvetiÄ‡, V. (2013). Handbook on Seed production, seedling production and afforestation [On Serbian: Praktikum iz Semenarstva, rasadniÄarstva i poÅ¡umljavanja (p. 213).

IvetiÄ‡, V. (2015). Reforestation in Serbia: Success or failure? Proceedings: International Conference Reforestation Challenges, 1–12.

IvetiÄ‡, V., Grossnickle, S., & M, Å. (2016). Forecasting the field performance of Austrian pine seedlings using morphological attributes. In Press.

IvetiÄ‡, V., Isajev, V., ijaÄiÄ‡-NikoliÄ‡, Å., & M. (2005). Results of fourteen year’s old Norway spruce provenance test in Serbia. Proceedings of Symposium Forest and Sustainable Development, 65–71.

IvetiÄ‡, V., & M, Å. (2013). The impact of seeds provenance and nursery production method on Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) seedlings quality. Ann For Res, 56(2), 297–305.

Ivetic, V., Davorija, Z., & Vilotic, D. (2013). Relationship between morphological and physiological attributes of hop hornbeam seedlings. Glasnik Sumarskog Fakulteta, 108, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2298/GSF1308039I

Ivetic, V., & Vilotic, D. (2014). The role of plantation forestry in sustainable development. Glasnik Sumarskog Fakulteta, suppl., 157–180. https://doi.org/10.2298/GSF14S1157I

Jacobs, D. F. (2014). Advances in fertilization for forest regeneration. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associationsâ€”2013. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-72, 3–5.

Jacobs, D. F., Oliet, J. A., Aronson, J., Bolte, A., Bullock, J. M., Donoso, P. J., Landhäusser, S. M., Madsen, P., Peng, S., Rey-Benayas, J. M., & Weber, J. C. (2015). Restoring forests: What constitutes success in the twenty-first century? New Forests, 46(5–6), 601–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9513-5

Jacobs, D. F., Rose, R., Haase, D. L., & Alzugaray, P. O. (2004). Fertilization at planting impairs root system development and drought avoidance of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings. Annals of Forest Science, 61(7), 643–651. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2004065

Jacobs, D. F., Salifu, K. F., & Seifert, J. R. (2005). Relative contribution of initial root and shoot morphology in predicting field performance of hardwood seedlings. New Forests, 30(2–3), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-5419-y

Jacobs, D. F., & Steinbeck, K. (2001). Tree Shelters Improve the Survival and Growth of Planted Engelmann Spruce Seedlings in Southwestern Colorado. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 16(3), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.3.114

Jacobs, D. F., Wilson, B. C., & Davis, A. S. (2004). Recent trends in hardwood seedling quality assessment. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations-2003. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings RMRS-P-33, 140–144.

Jamnická, G., Ditmarová, Ľ., Kurjak, D., Kmeť, J., Pšidová, E., Macková, M., Gömöry, D., & Střelcová, K. (2013). The soil hydrogel improved photosynthetic performance of beech seedlings treated under drought. Plant, Soil and Environment, 59(10), 446–451. https://doi.org/10.17221/170/2013-PSE

JeliÄ‡, G. (2012). Effects of container type and field preparation on afforestation success in Mediterranean area [In Croatian: Utjecaj vrste kontejnera i pripreme tla na uspjeh poÅ¡umljavanja u sredozemnom podruÄju.

Jinks, R., & Mason, B. (1998). Effects of seedling density on the growth of Corsican pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima Melv.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) in containers. Annales Des Sciences Forestières, 55(4), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19980402

Johnson, J. D., & Cline, M. L. (1991). Seedling Quality of Southern Pines. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 143–159). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3800-0_8

JoviÄ‡, N., TomiÄ‡, Z., Burlica, Ä. Œ., JovanoviÄ‡, B., JoviÄ‡, D., GrbiÄ‡, P., JoviÄ‡, P., & JovkoviÄ‡, R. (1998). Ecological basis for afforestation of bare lands in Central Serbia. In Serbian: EkoloÅ¡ke osnove za poÅ¡umljavanje neobraslih Å¡umskih povrÅ¡ina srediÅ¡nje Srbije (p. 55).

Jylhä, P., & Hytönen, J. (2006). Effect of vegetation control on the survival and growth of Scots pine and Norway spruce planted on former agricultural land. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36(10), 2400–2411. https://doi.org/10.1139/x06-053

Kaczmarek, D. J., Pope, P. E., & Gen, A. L. (1993). Covariate analysis of northern red oak seedling growth. Proceedings of 7th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, 351–356.

Kainer, K. A., & Duryea, M. L. (1990). Root wrenching and lifting date of slash pine: Effects on morphology, survival, and growth. New Forests, 4(3), 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118878

KarliÄiÄ‡, V., RadiÄ‡, D., JoviÄiÄ‡ PetroviÄ‡, J., GoluboviÄ‡-Ä†urguz, V., KikoviÄ‡, D., & RaiÄeviÄ‡, V. (2015). Inoculation of Robinia pseudoacacia L. and Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings with plant growth promoting bacteria causes increased growth in coal mine overburden. Proceedings: International Conference Reforestation Challenges, 42–49.

Karličić, V., Golubović Ćurguz, V., & Raičević, V. (n.d.). The alleviation of reforestation challenges by beneficial soil microorganisms. REFORESTA, 1, 238–260. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.1.12.12

Kawaletz, H., Molder, I., Zerbe, S., Annighofer, P., Terwei, A., & Ammer, C. (2013). Exotic tree seedlings are much more competitive than natives but show underyielding when growing together. Journal of Plant Ecology, 6(4), 305–315. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rts044

King, G. A., & Herstrom, A. A. (1997). Holocene tree migration rates objectively determined from fossil pollen data. In Past and Future Rapid Environmental Changes (pp. 91–101). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60599-4_7

Kirschbaum, M., & Fischlln, A. (1996). Climate change impacts on forests. In Contribution of Working Group to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp. 95–129).

Kjær, E. D., Lobo, A., & Myking, T. (2014). The role of exotic tree species in Nordic forestry. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 29(4), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2014.926098

Kjelgren, R. (2010). Isohydric and Anisohydric Water Use Considerations in Species Selection for the Great Green Wall of Africa. In Le projet majeur africain de la Grande Muraille Verte (pp. 63–72). https://doi.org/10.4000/books.irdeditions.2115

Kloetzel, S. (2004). Revegetation and Restoration Planting Tools: An In-the-Field Perspective. Native Plants Journal, 5(1), 34–42. https://doi.org/10.2979/NPJ.2004.5.1.34

Klossas, G., Kyriazopoulos, A., & Koukoura, Z. (2012). Post-planting treatments and shading effects in a Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. Silvopastoral System. Ann For Res, 56, 179–186.

Kostopoulou, E., & Jones, P. D. (2005). Assessment of climate extremes in the Eastern Mediterranean. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 89(1–4), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-005-0122-2

Krakowski, J., & Stoehr, M. u. (2009). Coastal Douglas-fir provenance variation: patterns and predictions for British Columbia seed transfer. Annals of Forest Science, 66(8), 811–811. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2009069

Kremer, A. (2010). Evolutionary responses of European oaks to climate change. Irish For, 67, 53–65.

Kremer, A., Ronce, O., Robledo‐Arnuncio, J. J., Guillaume, F., Bohrer, G., Nathan, R., Bridle, J. R., Gomulkiewicz, R., Klein, E. K., Ritland, K., Kuparinen, A., Gerber, S., & Schueler, S. (2012). Long‐distance gene flow and adaptation of forest trees to rapid climate change. Ecology Letters, 15(4), 378–392. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01746.x

Laliberté, E., Bouchard, A., & Cogliastro, A. (2008). Optimizing Hardwood Reforestation in Old Fields: The Effects of Treeshelters and Environmental Factors on Tree Seedling Growth and Physiology. Restoration Ecology, 16(2), 270–280. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2007.00270.x

Landis, T. D. (2011). The target plant conceptâ€”a history and brief overview. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associationsâ€”2010. Proc. RMRS-P-65, 61–66.

Landis, T. D., Dumroese, R. K., Haase, D. L., processing, S., storage, & outplanting, A. (2010). The container tree nursery manual. 7, 200.

Landis, T. D., & Haase, D. L. (2012). Applications of hydrogels in the nursery and during outplanting. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associationsâ€”2011. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Proceedings RMRS-P-68, 53–58.

Larsen, H. S., South, D. B., & Boyer, J. M. (1986). Root growth potential, seedling morphology and bud dormancy correlate with survival of loblolly pine seedlings planted in December in Alabama. Tree Physiology, 1(3), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/1.3.253

LauÅ¡eviÄ‡, R., Jones-Walters, L., & Nieto, A. (2008). Climate change and biodiversity in South-East Europe â€“ impacts and action (p. 67).

Lazarus, E. D., & McGill, B. J. (n.d.). Pushing the Pace of Tree Species Migration. PLoS ONE, 9(8), e105380. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105380

Leites, L. P., Robinson, A. P., Rehfeldt, G. E., Marshall, J. D., & Crookston, N. L. (2012). Height‐growth response to climatic changes differs among populations of Douglas‐fir: a novel analysis of historic data. Ecological Applications, 22(1), 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1890/11-0150.1

LePage, P., & Coates, K. D. (1994). Growth of planted lodgepole pine and hybrid spruce following chemical and manual vegetation control on a frost-prone site. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24(2), 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-031

Li, G. L., Liu, Y., Zhu, Y., Yang, J., Sun, H. Y., Jia, Z. K., & Ma, L. Y. (2011). Influence of initial age and size on the field performance of Larix olgensis seedlings. New Forests, 42(2), 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-011-9248-x

Li, G., Wang, J., Oliet, J., & Jacobs, D. (n.d.). Combined pre-hardening and fall fertilization facilitates N storage and field performance of Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings. IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 9(3), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1708-008

Loarie, S. R., Duffy, P. B., Hamilton, H., Asner, G. P., Field, C. B., & Ackerly, D. D. (2009). The velocity of climate change. Nature, 462(7276), 1052–1055. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08649

Löf, M., Dey, D. C., Navarro, R. M., & Jacobs, D. F. (2012). Mechanical site preparation for forest restoration. New Forests, 43(5–6), 825–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9332-x

LujiÄ‡, R. (1960). The local heat factor" and its role in vegetation distribution (p. 104).

LujiÄ‡, R. (1973). Forest melioration [In Serbian: Ð ̈ÑƒÐ1⁄4ÑÐoÐμ Ð1⁄4ÐμÐ»Ð ̧Ð3⁄4Ñ€Ð°Ñ†Ð ̧Ñ ̃Ðμ. Ð£ÑŸÐ±ÐμÐ1⁄2Ð ̧Ðo Ð£Ð1⁄2Ð ̧Ð2ÐμÑ€Ð·Ð ̧Ñ‚ÐμÑ‚ Ñƒ Ð‘ÐμÐ3⁄4Ð3Ñ€Ð°Ð ́Ñƒ Ð ̈ÑƒÐ1⁄4Ð°Ñ€ÑÐoÐ ̧ Ñ„Ð°ÐoÑƒÐ»Ñ‚ÐμÑ‚]. University handbook â€“ University of Belgrade â€“ Faculty of Forestry. 415.

LukiÄ‡, S. (2013). The effects of ameliorative afforestations in GrdeliÄka gorge and Vranjska valley. In Serbian: ÐœÐμÐ»Ð ̧Ð3⁄4Ñ€Ð°Ñ‚Ð ̧Ð2Ð1⁄2Ð ̧ ÐμÑ„ÐμÐoÑ‚Ð ̧ Ð¿Ñ€Ð3⁄4Ñ‚Ð ̧Ð2ÐμÑ€Ð3⁄4Ð·Ð ̧Ð3⁄4Ð1⁄2Ð ̧Ñ... Ð¿Ð3⁄4ÑˆÑƒÐ1⁄4ÑTMÐ°Ð2Ð°ÑšÐ° Ð1⁄2Ð° Ð¿Ð3⁄4Ð ́Ñ€ÑƒÑ‡Ñ ̃Ñƒ Ð“Ñ€Ð ́ÐμÐ»Ð ̧Ñ‡ÐoÐμ ÐoÐ»Ð ̧ÑÑƒÑ€Ðμ Ð ̧ Ð’Ñ€Ð°ÑšÑÐoÐμ ÐoÐ3⁄4Ñ‚Ð»Ð ̧Ð1⁄2Ðμ]. Ph D Thesis (p. 227).

LukiÄ‡, S., KadoviÄ‡, R., KneÅ3⁄4eviÄ‡, M., Beloica, J., ÄukiÄ‡, V., & BelanoviÄ‡ SimiÄ‡, S. (2015). Soil carbon accumulation as a response to the afforestation method used in the Grdelica gorge in southeastern Serbia. Proceedings: International Conference Reforestation Challenges, 104–116.

M, Å., D, V., & J, M. (2011). Effect of polymers on Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) Ð°nd Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) seedling development in afforestation. Global Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, 1, 11–18.

M, Å., I, K., R, R., & U, Ä. orÄ‘eviÄ‡. (1997). Application of explosive in afforestation on “Ellipse.” In Proceeding book of the 3rd ICFWST 97, September 29th â€“ October 3rd, 1997, Belgrade and Mt. GoÄ, Serbia, Yugoslavia (pp. 178–181).

Mattsson, A. (1997). Predicting field performance using seedling quality assessment. New Forests, 13(1–3), 227–252. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006590409595

McCreary, D. D., & Tecklin, J. (1997). Effects of seedling protectors and weed control on blue Oak growth and survival. Proceedings of a Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Ecology, Management, and Urban Interface Issues, 243–250.

McCreary, D. D., & Tecklin, J. (2001). The Effects of Different Sizes of Tree Shelters on Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii) Growth. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 16(4), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/16.4.153

McDonald, P. M., Fiddler, G. O., & Harrison, H. R. (1994). Mulching to regenerate a harsh site: effect on Douglas-fir seedlings, forbs, grasses, and ferns. https://doi.org/10.2737/PSW-RP-222

McDonald, P. M., & Helgerson, O. T. (1990). Mulches aid in regenerating California and Oregon forests: past, present, and future. https://doi.org/10.2737/PSW-GTR-123

McLachlan, J. S., Clark, J. S., & Manos, P. S. (2005). MOLECULAR INDICATORS OF TREE MIGRATION CAPACITY UNDER RAPID CLIMATE CHANGE. Ecology, 86(8), 2088–2098. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1036

McTague, J. P., & Tinus, R. W. (1996). The effects of seedling quality and forest site weather on field survival of ponderosa pine. Tree Plant, 47, 16–32.

Mercurio, R., & Schirone, B. (2015). Black pine reforestation of the Apennines in the Abruzzi region (central Italy): Perspectives and management. Book of Abstracts: International Conference Reforestation Challenges, 36.

Mexal, J. G., Cuevas Rangel, R. A., & Landis, T. D. (2009). Reforestation success in central Mexico: Factors determining survival and early growth. Tree Planters Notes, 53, 16–22.

Mexal, J. G., & Landis, T. D. (1990). Target seedling concepts: Height and diameter. Proceedings of Combined Meeting of the Western Forest Nursery Association Target Seedling Symposium, U.S. Department of Agriculture Â€“ Forest Service General Technical Report RM-200, 17–36.

Mexal, J. G., & South, D. B. (1991). Bareroot Seedling Culture. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 89–115). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3800-0_6

Millar, C. I., Stephenson, N. L., & Stephens, S. L. (2007). CLIMATE CHANGE AND FORESTS OF THE FUTURE: MANAGING IN THE FACE OF UNCERTAINTY. Ecological Applications, 17(8), 2145–2151. https://doi.org/10.1890/06-1715.1

Mishra, P. K., & Osman, M. (2011). Techniques of water conservation and rainwater harvesting for drought management. In SAARC Training Program (p. 714).

Ml, M., Dorsser JC, & JM, B. (1985). Seedling quality-radiata pine as a case study. In South DB.

Moriondo, M., Good, P., Durao, R., Bindi, M., Giannakopoulos, C., & Corte-Real, J. (2006). Potential impact of climate change on fire risk in the Mediterranean area. Climate Research, 31, 85–95. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr031085

N, M. C., C, M. C., & MO, R. (2007). Mulch mats - their potential in establishing forest and other tree crops (p. 36).

Navarro Cerrillo, R. M., Fragueiro, B., Ceaceros, C., del Campo, A., & de Prado, R. (2005). Establishment of Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota [Desf.] Samp. using different weed control strategies in southern Spain. Ecological Engineering, 25(4), 332–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.06.002

Nebgen, R. J., & Meyer, J. F. (1986). Seed bed density, undercutting, and lateral root pruning effects on Loblolly pine seedling morphology, field survival, and growth. Proceedings of International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines, Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, 136–147.

Noland, T. L., Mohammed, G. H., & Wagner, R. G. (2001). Morphological characteristics associated with tolerance to competition from herbaceous vegetation for seedlings of jack pine, black spruce, and white pine. New Forests, 21(3), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012091917395

Nolte, D., L., & Wagner, K., K. (n.d.). Comparing the efficacy of delivery systems and active ingredients of deer repellents. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 19. https://doi.org/10.5070/V419110308

O.E.C.D. (2015). OECD Forest Seed and Plant Scheme.

Oliet, J. A., Planelles, R., Artero, F., & Jacobs, D. F. (2005). Nursery fertilization and tree shelters affect long-term field response of Acacia salicina Lindl. planted in Mediterranean semiarid conditions. Forest Ecology and Management, 215(1–3), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.05.024

Oliet, J. A., Planelles, R., Artero, F., Valverde, R., Jacobs, D. F., & Segura, M. L. (2009). Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid conditions: relative influence of seedling morphology and mineral nutrition. New Forests, 37(3), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-008-9126-3

O’Neill, G. A., Radley, R. A., & Chanway, C. P. (1992). Variable effects of emergence-promoting rhizobacteria on conifer seedling growth under nursery conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 13(1), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00337237

Önol, B., & H. M. Semazzi, F. (2009). Regionalization of Climate Change Simulations over the Eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Climate, 22(8), 1944–1961. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI1807.1

Óskarsson, Ú. (2010). Potting substrate and nursery fertilization regime influence mycorrhization and field performance ofBetula pubescensseedlings. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 25(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581003730781

Ovalle, J., Arellano, E., & Ginocchio, R. (n.d.). Trade-Offs between Drought Survival and Rooting Strategy of Two South American Mediterranean Tree Species: Implications for Dryland Forests Restoration. Forests, 6(10), 3733–3747. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6103733

Owston, P. W. (1990). Target seedling specifications: Are stocktype designations useful? Proceedings, Western Forest Nursery Association, 9–16.

Padilla, F. M., & Pugnaire, F. I. (2006). The role of nurse plants in the restoration of degraded environments. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4(4), 196–202. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0196:TRONPI]2.0.CO;2

Palacios, G., Navarro Cerrillo, R. M., del Campo, A., & Toral, M. (2009). Site preparation, stock quality and planting date effect on early establishment of Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings. Ecological Engineering, 35(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.09.006

Pedlar, J. H., McKenney, D. W., Aubin, I., Beardmore, T., Beaulieu, J., Iverson, L., O’Neill, G. A., Winder, R. S., & Ste-Marie, C. (2012). Placing Forestry in the Assisted Migration Debate. BioScience, 62(9), 835–842. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.9.10

Pedlar, J., McKenney, D., Beaulieu, J., Colombo, S., McLachlan, J., & O’Neill, G. (2011). The implementation of assisted migrationin Canadian forests. The Forestry Chronicle, 87(06), 766–777. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-093

Pery, R. S. M., Marfà, O., & Serrano, L. (1995). The Effect of a Hydrophilic Polymer on Plant Water Status and survival of Transplanted Pine Seedlings. HortTechnology, 5(2), 141–143. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.5.2.141

Peterson, J. (1997). Growing environment and container type influence field performance of black spruce container stock. New Forests, 13(1–3), 329–339. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006598611412

Pinto, J. R., Marshall, J. D., Dumroese, R. K., Davis, A. S., & Cobos, D. R. (2011). Establishment and growth of container seedlings for reforestation: A function of stocktype and edaphic conditions. Forest Ecology and Management, 261(11), 1876–1884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.02.010

Pinto, J. R., Marshall, J. D., Dumroese, R. K., Davis, A. S., & Cobos, D. R. (2012). Photosynthetic response, carbon isotopic composition, survival, and growth of three stock types under water stress enhanced by vegetative competition. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42(2), 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1139/x11-189

Pinto, J. R., Marshall, J. D., Dumroese, R. K., Davis, A. S., & Cobos, D. R. (2016). Seedling establishment and physiological responses to temporal and spatial soil moisture changes. New Forests, 47(2), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9511-7

Potter, K. M., & Hargrove, W. W. (2012). Determining suitable locations for seed transfer under climate change: a global quantitative method. New Forests, 43(5–6), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9322-z

Prinz, D. (1996a). Water Harvesting — Past and Future. In Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture (pp. 137–168). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8700-6_10

Prinz, D. (1996b). Water Harvesting — Past and Future. In Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture (pp. 137–168). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8700-6_10

Prober, S. M., Byrne, M., McLean, E. H., Steane, D. A., Potts, B. M., Vaillancourt, R. E., & Stock, W. D. (n.d.). Climate-adjusted provenancing: a strategy for climate-resilient ecological restoration. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2015.00065

Puertolas, J. (2003). Effects of nutritional status and seedling size on field performance of Pinus halepensis planted on former arable land in the Mediterranean basin. Forestry, 76(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.159

Querejeta, J. I., Roldán, A., Albaladejo, J., & Castillo, V. (1998). The Role of Mycorrhizae, Site Preparation, and Organic Amendment in the Afforestation of a Semi-Arid Mediterranean Site with Pinus halepensis. Forest Science, 44(2), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/44.2.203

Regan, D. J., Apostol, K. G., & Davis, A. S. (2015). Stocktype influences western white pine seedling size 6 years after outplanting. Tree Planters’ Notes, 58, 37–41.

Ren, H., Yang, L., & Liu, N. (2008). Nurse plant theory and its application in ecological restoration in lower subtropics of China. Progress in Natural Science, 18(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2007.07.008

Renwick, K. M., & Rocca, M. E. (2015). Temporal context affects the observed rate of climate‐driven range shifts in tree species. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12240

Ret;Kathleen L. Shea, E. E. S. (1998). Effects of Deer Browsing, Fabric Mats, and Tree Shelters on Quercus rubra Seedlings. Restoration Ecology, 6(1), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.00614.x

Rey Benayas, J. M., Navarro, J., Espigares, T., Nicolau, J. M., & Zavala, M. A. (2005). Effects of artificial shading and weed mowing in reforestation of Mediterranean abandoned cropland with contrasting Quercus species. Forest Ecology and Management, 212(1–3), 302–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.03.032

Reyer, C., Guericke, M., & Ibisch, P. L. (2009). Climate change mitigation via afforestation, reforestation and deforestation avoidance: and what about adaptation to environmental change? New Forests, 38(1), 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-008-9129-0

Rietveld, W. J., & Sambeek, J. W. (1989). Relating black walnut planting stock to field performance. Proceedings of the Seventh Central Hardwood Forest Conference, 162–169.

Rincón, A., de Felipe, M. R., & Fernández-Pascual, M. (2007). Inoculation of Pinus halepensis Mill. with selected ectomycorrhizal fungi improves seedling establishment 2 years after planting in a degraded gypsum soil. Mycorrhiza, 18(1), 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-007-0149-y

Ritchie, G. A. (1984). Assessing Seedling Quality. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 243–259). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_23

Rodríguez‐Echeverría, S., Lozano, Y. M., & Bardgett, R. D. (2016). Influence of soil microbiota in nurse plant systems. Functional Ecology, 30(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12594

Roldan, A., Querejeta, I., Albaladejo, J., & Castillo, V. (1996). Growth response of Pinus halepensis to inoculation with Pisolithus arhizus in a terraced rangeland amended with urban refuse. Plant and Soil, 179(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011640

Rose, R., Gleason, J. F., & Atkinson, M. (1993). Morphological and water-stress characteristics of three Douglas-fir stocktypes in relation to seedling performance under different soil moisture conditions. New Forests, 7(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037468

ROSE, R., HAASE, D. L., & ARELLANO, E. (n.d.). Fertilizantes de entrega controlada: potencial para mejorar la productividad de la reforestación. Bosque (Valdivia), 25(2). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002004000200009

Rose, R., Haase, D. L., Kroiher, F., & Sabin, T. (1997). Root Volume and Growth of Ponderosa Pine and Douglas-Fir Seedlings: A Summary of Eight Growing Seasons. Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 12(3), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/12.3.69

Rose, R., & Ketchum, J. S. (2002). Interaction of vegetation control and fertilization on conifer species across the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 32(1), 136–152. https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-180

Rose, R., Ketchum, J. S., & Hanson, D. E. (1999). Three-Year Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir Seedlings Under Various Vegetation-Free Regimes. Forest Science, 45(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/45.1.117

Rose, R., & Scott Ketchum, J. (2003). Interaction of initial seedling diameter, fertilization and weed control on Douglas-fir growth over the first four years After Planting. Annals of Forest Science, 60(7), 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2003055

Rosner, L. S., & Rose, R. (2006). Synergistic stem volume response to combinations of vegetation control and seedling size in conifer plantations in Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36(4), 930–944. https://doi.org/10.1139/x05-292

Rowan, S. J. (1986a). Seedbed density affects performance of slash and loblolly pine in Georgia. Proceedings: International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines.

Rowan, S. J. (1986b). Seedbed density affects performance of slash and loblolly pine in Georgia. In South DB.

Sarvaš, M., Pavlenda, P., & Takáčová, E. (2007). Effect of hydrogel application on survival and growth of pine seedlings in reclamations. Journal of Forest Science, 53(5), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.17221/2178-JFS

Schaap, W., & DeYoe, D. R. (1985). Seedling protectors for preventing deer browse. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Research Bulletin, 54, 12.

Schmidtling, R. C., & MyszewskiJH. (2003). Effect of large-scale movement of loblolly pine seed on genetic integrity of the species in its natural range. Proceedings of the Symposium of the North American Forest Commission, Forest Genetic Resources and Silviculture Working Groups, and the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), September 21, 43–48.

Serbia, H. S. (2013).

Serbia, H. S. (2015).

Sgrò, C. M., Lowe, A. J., & Hoffmann, A. A. (2011). Building evolutionary resilience for conserving biodiversity under climate change. Evolutionary Applications, 4(2), 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00157.x

Sharma, R. K., Mason, E. G., & Sorensson, C. (2007). Impact of planting stock quality on initial growth and survival of radiata pine clones and modelling initial growth and survival. New Zeal J Forest, 52, 14–23.

Shipman, R. D. (1964). Low seedbed densities can improve early height growth of planted slash and loblolly pine seedlings. J Forest, 62, 814–817.

SHISHIDO, M. (1996). Effect of Plant Growth PromotingBacillusStrains on Pine and Spruce Seedling Growth and Mycorrhizal Infection. Annals of Botany, 77(5), 433–442. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1996.0053

Shishido, M., Petersen, D. J., Massicotte, H. B., & Chanway, C. P. (1996). Pine and spruce seedling growth and mycorrhizal infection after inoculation with plant growth promoting Pseudomonas strains. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 21(2), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00338.x

Siipilehto, J. (n.d.). Effect of weed control with fibre mulches and herbicides on the initial development of spruce, birch and aspen seedlings on abandoned farmland. Silva Fennica, 35(4). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.577

Siipilehto, J., & Lyly, O. (n.d.). Weed control trials with fibre mulch, glyphosate and terbuthylazine in Scots pine plantations. Silva Fennica, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.a9196

Simard, S., & Vyse, A. (2006). Trade-offs between competition and facilitation: a case study of vegetation management in the interior cedar–hemlock forests of southern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 36(10), 2486–2496. https://doi.org/10.1139/x06-150

Simpson, D. G. (1991). Growing Density and Container Volume Affect Nursery and Field Growth of Interior Spruce Seedlings. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 8(4), 160–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/8.4.160

Simpson, D. G. (1994). nursery growing density and container volume affect nursery and field growth of Douglas-fir and Lodgepole pine seedlings. Landis TD, Dumroese RK (Tech Coords), Proceedings, Forest and Conservation Nursery Associations, 105 115.

Sippel, S., & Otto, F. E. L. (2014). Beyond climatological extremes - assessing how the odds of hydrometeorological extreme events in South-East Europe change in a warming climate. Climatic Change, 125(3–4), 381–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1153-9

Sloan, J. P., Jump, L. H., & Ryker, R. A. (1987). Container-grown ponderosa pine seedlings outperform bareroot seedlings on harsh sites in southern Utah /. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.68856

South, D. B. (1993). Rationale for growing southern pine seedlings at low seedbed densities. New Forests, 7(1), 63–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00037473

South, D. B. (2005). A review of the pull up and leave down methods of planting Loblolly pine. Tree Planters’ Notes, 51, 53–67.

South, D. B., Harris, S. W., Barnett, J. P., Hainds, M. J., & Gjerstad, D. H. (2005). Effect of container type and seedling size on survival and early height growth of Pinus palustris seedlings in Alabama, U.S.A. Forest Ecology and Management, 204(2–3), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.09.016

South, D. B., & Mitchell, R. J. (1999). Determining the “optimum” slash pine seedling size for use with four levels of vegetation management on a flatwoods site in Georgia, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(7), 1039–1046. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-048

Spinoni, J., Lakatos, M., Szentimrey, T., Bihari, Z., Szalai, S., Vogt, J., & Antofie, T. (2015). Heat and cold waves trends in the Carpathian Region from 1961 to 2010. International Journal of Climatology, 35(14), 4197–4209. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4279

Spittlehouse, D. L., & Stewart, R. B. (n.d.). Adaptation to climate change in forest management. Journal of Ecosystems and Management. https://doi.org/10.22230/jem.2004v4n1a254

Stanturf, J. A., Palik, B. J., & Dumroese, R. K. (2014). Contemporary forest restoration: A review emphasizing function. Forest Ecology and Management, 331, 292–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.029

Stein, W. I. (1984). Wrenching Douglas-fir seedlings in August: immediate but no lasting effects. https://doi.org/10.2737/PNW-RP-317

Stepanek, L. J., Brandle, J. R., & Harrell, M. O. (2002). Assessment of Microenvironmental Conditions Related to the Use of Synthetic Sheet Mulches for Protecting Newly Planted Trees in Semi-Arid Environments. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 19(4), 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v19n04_04

Stewart, J., & Bernier, P. (1995). Gas exchange and water relations of 3 sizes of containerized Picea mariana seedlings subjected to atmospheric and edaphic water stress under controlled conditions. Annales Des Sciences Forestières, 52(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19950101

StilinoviÄ‡, S. (1991). Afforestation. NauÄna knjiga, Belgrade. 274.

Stroempl, G. (1990). Deeper planting of seedlings and transplants increases plantation survival. Tree Planters’ Notes, 41, 17–21.

Sutton, R. F. (1995). White spruce establishment: initial fertilization, weed control, and irrigation evaluated after three decades. New Forests, 9(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028685

Tanaka, Y., Walstad, J. D., & Borrecco, J. E. (1976). The effect of wrenching on morphology and field performance of Douglas fir and loblolly pine seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 6(4), 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1139/x76-061

Thomas, E., Jalonen, R., Loo, J., Boshier, D., Gallo, L., Cavers, S., Bordács, S., Smith, P., & Bozzano, M. (2014). Genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration using native tree species. Forest Ecology and Management, 333, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.015

Thomas Ledig, F., & Kitzmiller, J. H. (1992). Genetic strategies for reforestation in the face of global climate change. Forest Ecology and Management, 50(1–2), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(92)90321-Y

Thompson, B. E. (1985). Seedling morphological evaluation: what you can tell by looking (pp. 59–72).

Thompson, J. R., & Schultz, R. C. (1995). Root system morphology of Quercus rubra L. planting stock and 3-year field performance in Iowa. New Forests, 9(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035489

Timmer, V. R. (1997). Exponential nutrient loading: a new fertilization technique to improve seedling performance on competitive sites. New Forests, 13(1–3), 279–299. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006502830067

Timmer, V. R., & Aidelbaum, A. S. (1996). Manual for exponential nutrient loading of seedlings to improve outplanting performance on competitive forest sites. Nat Resour Can, Canadian Forest Service-Sault Ste. 21.

TomaÅ¡eviÄ‡, A. (1994). Undermining as first stage of soil preparation for afforestation. In Croatian: Podrivanje kao prva faza pripreme tla za poÅ¡umljavanje] Å umarski list (Vols. 5–6, pp. 173–181).

TomiÄ‡, Z., Lj, R., VeselinoviÄ‡, M., & NeveniÄ‡, R. (2011). Species and intra-species selection for afforestation and melioration. In The selection of species for reforestation and amelioration in central Serbia, Institute of Forestry.

Trent, A., Nolte, D., & Wagner, K. (2001). Comparison of commercial deer repellents (p. 572).

Tsakaldimi, M., Ganatsas, P., & Jacobs, D. F. (2013). Prediction of planted seedling survival of five Mediterranean species based on initial seedling morphology. New Forests, 44(3), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9339-3

Tuttle, C. L., South, D. B., Golden, M. S., & Meldahl, R. S. (1988). Initial Pinustaeda seedling height relationships with early survival and growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18(7), 867–871. https://doi.org/10.1139/x88-133

Vihera-Aarnio, A., Hakkinen, R., Partanen, J., Luomajoki, A., & Koski, V. (2005). Effects of seed origin and sowing time on timing of height growth cessation of Betula pendula seedlings. Tree Physiology, 25(1), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.1.101

Vilagrosa, A., Cortina, J., Gil‐Pelegrín, E., & Bellot, J. (2003). Suitability of Drought‐Preconditioning Techniques in Mediterranean Climate. Restoration Ecology, 11(2), 208–216. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2003.00172.x

Villar-Salvador, P., Planelles, R., Enrı́quez, E., & Rubira, J. P. (2004). Nursery cultivation regimes, plant functional attributes, and field performance relationships in the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex L. Forest Ecology and Management, 196(2–3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.061

Villar-Salvador, P., Planelles, R., Oliet, J., Penuelas-Rubira, J. L., Jacobs, D. F., & Gonzalez, M. (2004). Drought tolerance and transplanting performance of holm oak (Quercus ilex) seedlings after drought hardening in the nursery. Tree Physiology, 24(10), 1147–1155. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/24.10.1147

Villar-Salvador, P., Puértolas, J., Cuesta, B., Peñuelas, J. L., Uscola, M., Heredia-Guerrero, N., & Rey Benayas, J. M. (2012). Increase in size and nitrogen concentration enhances seedling survival in Mediterranean plantations. Insights from an ecophysiological conceptual model of plant survival. New Forests, 43(5–6), 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9328-6

Villar-Salvador, P., Puértolas, J., Peñuelas, J. L., & Planelles, R. (n.d.). Effect of nitrogen fertilization in the nursery on the drought and frost resistance of Mediterranean forest species. Forest Systems, 14(3), 408–418. https://doi.org/10.5424/srf/2005143-00935

Višnjić, Ć., Mekić, F., & Balić, B. (n.d.). UPOTREBA NOVIH TEHNIKA SADNJE SADNICA KOD POŠUMLJAVANJA EKSTREMNIH STANIŠTA. Radovi Šumarskog Fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu, 34(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2004.v34.i1.206

Wagner, G. R. (2005). Top 10 principles for managing competing vegetation to maximize regeneration success and long-term yields. The Thin Green Line: A Symposium on the State-of-the-Art in Reforestation, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Forest Research Information Paper 160, 32–36.

Wagner, K. K., & Nolte, D. L. (2000). Evaluation of Hot SauceÂ® as a repellent for forest mammals. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 28, 76–83.

Wagner, K. K., & Nolte, D. L. (2001). Comparison of Active Ingredients and Delivery Systems in Deer Repellents. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 29(1), 322 330.

Wagner, R. G., Mohammed, G. H., & Noland, T. L. (1999). Critical period of interspecific competition for northern conifers associated with herbaceous vegetation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(7), 890–897. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-055

Wagner, R. G., Petersen, T. D., Ross, D. W., & Radosevich, S. R. (1989). Competition thresholds for the survival and growth of ponderosa pine seedlings associated with woody and herbaceous vegetation. New Forests, 3(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00021579

Walker, R. F., & Mclaughlin, S. B. (1989). Black polyethylene mulch improves growth of plantation-grown loblolly pine and yellow-poplar. New Forests, 3(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00028934

Wang, T., O’Neill, G. A., & Aitken, S. N. (2010). Integrating environmental and genetic effects to predict responses of tree populations to climate. Ecological Applications, 20(1), 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2257.1

Ward, D., & Johnston, T. N. (1986). Determination of optimum seedling bed density for bare-root Honduras Caribbean pine. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines. Montgomery Alabama August 4-9-1985, 118–125.

Ward, J. S., Gent, M. P. N., & Stephens, G. R. (2000). Effects of planting stock quality and browse protection-type on height growth of northern red oak and eastern white pine. Forest Ecology and Management, 127(1–3), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00132-2

Williams, H. M., & Stewart, T. (2006). The effects of sower and bed density on bareroot loblolly pine seedling morphology and early height growth (pp. 45–49).

Williams, M. I., & Dumroese, R. K. (2013). Preparing for Climate Change: Forestry and Assisted Migration. Journal of Forestry, 111(4), 287–297. https://doi.org/10.5849/jof.13-016

Wilson, E. R., Vitols, K. C., & Park, A. (2007). Root characteristics and growth potential of container and bare-root seedlings of red oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Ontario, Canada. New Forests, 34(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-007-9046-7

Woodall, C. W., Oswalt, C. M., Westfall, J. A., Perry, C. H., Nelson, M. D., & Finley, A. O. (2009). An indicator of tree migration in forests of the eastern United States. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(5), 1434–1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.12.013

Yohannes, F. (1999). Improvement of water application efficiency by moisture conservation methods for establishment of planted tree seedlings. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 30(7–8), 1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629909370272

Yoshida, M., Fujiwara, M., & Sakai, H. (2015). A proposal of a site preparation system combined with chipping operation. Proceedings: International Conference Reforestation Challenges, 211–216.

Zlatanov, T., Velichkov, I., Lexer, M. J., & Dubravac, T. (2010). Regeneration dynamics in aging black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) plantations on the south slopes of the Middle Balkan Range in Bulgaria. New Forests, 40(3), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-010-9200-5

(1985). Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines, 5-9,.

Citation

Copyright

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Article metrics

Google scholar: See link

The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

More articles from Volume 1, Issue 1, 2016

Citations

Reforestation challenges in Southeast Europe facing climate change

Abstract

Keywords

References

Citation

Copyright

Article metrics

Most read articles

Effect of temperature and salinity on germination and seedling establishment of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae)

Clonal propagation of conifers by somatic embryogenesis (SE) – an introduction to methodology and examples of applications for research and plant production

The role of tree breeding in reforestation

The alleviation of reforestation challenges by beneficial soil microorganisms