Initial height and diameter are equally related to survival and growth of hardwood seedlings in first year after field planting

Vladan Ivetić; Jovana Devetaković; Zoran Maksimović

doi:10.21750/refor.2.02.17

Citations

Vladan Popović, Sanja Lazić, Aleksandar Lučić, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Vanja Daničić, Boris Ivanović, Aleksandra Petrović

(2025)

Morphological assessment of plus trees progeny as a basis for establishing a sessile oak seed orchard

REFORESTA, (20)

10.21750/REFOR.20.03.129

Luciana M. Mestre, Carina I. Argañaraz, Inga Preiß‐Daimler, Loreto Fernandez, Luis Turi, Rosina Soler

(2024)

Influencia de las condiciones ambientales y del tamaño inicial de los renovales en la supervivencia y el crecimiento de Nothofagus: Implicaciones para la restauración de bosques subantárticos quemados

Austral Ecology, 49(1)

10.1111/aec.13396

MM Gabira, RBGD Silva, FPDAP Bortolheiro, CDMD Mateus, RL Villas Boas, S Rossi, MM Girona, MRD Silva

(2021)

Composted sewage sludge as an alternative substrate for forest seedlings production

iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 14(6)

10.3832/ifor3929-014

Egle Köster, Jukka Pumpanen, Marjo Palviainen, Xuan Zhou, Kajar Köster

(2021)

Effect of biochar amendment on the properties of growing media and growth of containerized Norway spruce, Scots pine, and silver birch seedlings

Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 51(1)

10.1139/cjfr-2019-0399

Belete Alemu, Tessemma Toru, Solomon Estifanos, Anna Źróbek-Sokolnik

(2024)

Comparative Analysis of Impact of Soil Mixture and Fertilization on Growth and Seedling Quality of Selected Agroforestry Tree Species

International Journal of Forestry Research, 2024()

10.1155/2024/6459215

Tej Raj Oli, Pradip Saud, Michael A. Blazier, Marco Yáñez, Matthew Pelkki

(2026)

Long-term stand growth and survival of loblolly pine open-pollinated families and clonal varieties in the West Gulf Coastal Plain

Forest Ecology and Management, 603()

10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123491

Phillip D. Jones, Autumn E. Sabo, Jodi A. Forrester, David J. Mladenoff, Marc E. McDill

(2023)

Northern hardwoods seedlings respond to a complex of environmental factors when deer herbivory is limited

Forest Ecology and Management, 527()

10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120600

Youssef Dallahi, Amal Boujraf, Abdelaziz Smouni, Mouna Fahr, Ahmed El Aboudi, Collins Ashianga Orlando, Kamal Laabou, Abderrahim Ferradous, Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Abidine

(2024)

Effects of container size and growing media on growth of argan (Argania spinosa) seedlings in Morocco

New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science, 54()

10.33494/nzjfs542024x285x

Sezgin AYAN, Fatih GEDİK, Esra Nurten YER ÇELİK, Orhan GÜLSEVEN, Ergin YILMAZ, Şeyma Selin AKIN, Halil Barış ÖZEL

(2020)

Bazı Geniş Yapraklı Orman Ağacı Fidanlarının Morfolojik Özellikleri

Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1)

10.24011/barofd.675911

Xiaochao Chang, Jin Zhang, Fangfang Wan, Lihong Xian, Yong Liu

(2024)

Effects of Root Pruning and Size on Growth Traits of Hybrid Poplar Seedlings

Forests, 15(10)

10.3390/f15101770

Safa Balekoğlu

(2025)

Pinus pinea Fidanlarının Büyümesinde Silikon Bazlı Gübrelemenin Etkisi

Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2)

10.17474/artvinofd.1708534

Seung Hyun Han, A-Ram Yang, Ho Jin Kim, Min Seok Cho

(2024)

Effects of seedling age and planting density on early growth performances of <i>Fraxinus rhynchophylla</i>

Environmental Biology Research, 42(4)

10.11626/KJEB.2024.42.4.363

(2026)

Guidelines for Climate Adaptive Forest Restoration and Reforestation Projects

, ()

10.1016/B978-0-443-34086-4.00011-6

Luciana M. Mestre, Carina I. Argañaraz, Inga Preiß‐Daimler, Loreto Fernandez, Luis Turi, Rosina Soler

(2024)

Influence of environmental conditions and initial sapling size in Nothofagus survival and growth: Implications for restoration of burnt sub‐Antarctic forests

Austral Ecology, 49(1)

10.1111/aec.13269

Pingyu Yan, Zixiong Xie, Kele Feng, Xinyu Qiu, Lei Zhang, Hanguo Zhang

(2023)

Genetic diversity analysis and fingerprint construction of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) clonal seed orchard

Frontiers in Plant Science, 13()

10.3389/fpls.2022.1079571

Steven C. Grossnickle, Joanne E. MacDonald

(2018)

Why seedlings grow: influence of plant attributes

New Forests, 49(1)

10.1007/s11056-017-9606-4

Milan Mataruga, Branislav Cvjetković, Bart De Cuyper, Ina Aneva, Petar Zhelev, Pavel Cudlín, Marek Metslaid, Ville Kankaanhuhta, Catherine Collet, Peter Annighöfer, Thomas Mathes, Tsakaldimi Marianthi, Paitaridou Despoina, Rakel J. Jónsdóttir, Maria Cristina Monteverdi, Giovanbattista de Dato, Barbara Mariotti, Dana Dina Kolevska, Jelena Lazarević, Inger Sundheim Fløistad, Marcin Klisz, Wojciech Gil, Vasco Paiva, Teresa Fonseca, Valeriu-Norocel Nicolescu, Vladan Popović, Jovana Devetaković, Ivan Repáč, Gregor Božič, Hojka Kraigher, Enrique Andivia, Julio J. Diez, Henrik Böhlenius, Magnus Löf, Nebi Bilir, Pedro Villar-Salvador

(2023)

Monitoring and control of forest seedling quality in Europe

Forest Ecology and Management, 546()

10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121308

Initial height and diameter are equally related to survival and growth of hardwood seedlings in first year after field planting

Published: 26.12.2016.

Volume 1, Issue 2 (2016)

pp. 6-21;

https://doi.org/10.21750/refor.2.02.17

Abstract

This study compares the relation of initial height and root collar diameter of bareroot hardwoods seedlings to survival and growth in first year after planting. A total of six species used in Serbian reforestation programs were tested (four native: Fagus sylvatica, Ulmus laevis, Fraxinus excelsior, and Acer pseudoplatanus and two exotic: Robinia pseudoacacia, and Quercus rubra), at 6 sites with a wide range of environmental conditions. Initial seedling height and diameter were equally related to field performance and better in forecasting growth than survival. The relation between seedlings initial morphological attributes and survival was species specific, while for all tested species growth was positively correlated to seedling size at planting. Although large seedlings kept their advantage in size, smaller seedlings grew at a higher rate. Both initial H and D should be considered as equally important in operational programs for hardwoods seedling quality testing.

Keywords

Seedlings,

Morphological attributes,

Survival,

Field performance,

Quality testing

References

Andersen, L. (n.d.). Spacing in the nursery seedbed and subsequent field performance of Quercus robur l. and Fagus sylvatica L. European Journal of Horticultural Science, 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1079/ejhs.2010/1861522

Aphalo, P., & Rikala, R. (2003). Field performance of silver-birch planting-stock grown at different spacing and in containers of different volume. New Forests, 25(2), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022618810937

Bayala, J., Dianda, M., Wilson, J., Ouédraogo, S. J., & Sanon, K. (2009). Predicting field performance of five irrigated tree species using seedling quality assessment in Burkina Faso, West Africa. New Forests, 38(3), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-009-9149-4

Chavasse, C. G. R. (1977). The significance of planting height as an indicator of subsequent seedling growth. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 22(2), 283 296.

Cicek, E., Tilki, F., Kulac, S., Yilmaz, M., & Yilmaz, F. (2007). Survival and Growth of Three Hardwood Species (Fraxinus angustifolia, Ulmus laevis and U. minor) on a BottomlandSite with Heavy Clay Soil. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2(2), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.3923/jps.2007.233.237

DevetakoviÄ‡, J., MitroviÄ‡, B., MilosavljeviÄ‡, M., NoniÄ‡, M., & StankoviÄ‡, D. (2015). European white elm: Potential for wetlands reforestation. Proceedings: International Conference Reforestation Challenges, 144–148.

Dey, D. C., & Parker, W. C. (1997). Overstory Density Affects Field Performance of Underplanted Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Ontario. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 14(3), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/14.3.120

Dostálek, J., Weber, M., & Frantík, T. (2014). Establishing windbreaks: how rapidly do the smaller tree transplants reach the height of the larger ones? Journal of Forest Science, 60(1), 12–17. https://doi.org/10.17221/53/2013-JFS

Dumroese, R. K., Landis, T. D., Pinto, J. R., Haase, D. L., Wilkinson, K. W., & Davis, A. S. (n.d.). Meeting Forest Restoration Challenges: Using the Target Plant Concept. REFORESTA, 1, 37–52. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.1.03.3

Duryea, M. L. (1984). Nursery Cultural Practices: Impacts on Seedling Quality. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 143–164). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_15

Franklin, J. A., & Buckley, D. S. (2006). EFFECTS OF THREE GROUND COVER TREATMENTS ON INITIAL OAK ESTABLISHMENT ON A RECLAIMED MINESITE. Journal American Society of Mining and Reclamation, 2006(1), 848–855. https://doi.org/10.21000/JASMR06010848

Gould, P. J., & Harrington, C. A. (2009). Root morphology and growth of bare-root seedlings of Oregon white oak. Tree Planters’ Notes, 53(2).

Grossnickle, S. C. (2005). Seedling size and reforestation success. How big is big enough? Ontario Forest Research Institute, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Forest Research Information Paper, 160, 138 144.

Grossnickle, S. C. (2012). Why seedlings survive: influence of plant attributes. New Forests, 43(5–6), 711–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9336-6

Grossnickle, S. C., & Folk, R. S. (1993). Stock quality assessment: Forecasting survival or performance on a reforestation site. Tree Planters Notes, 44, 113 121.

Haase, D. L. (2007). Morphological and Physiological Evaluations of Seedling Quality. National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associationsâ€”2006. Proc. RMRS-P-50.

IvetiÄ‡, V. (2013). Handbook on Seed production, seedling production and afforestation [In Serbian: Praktikum iz Semenarstva, rasadniÄarstva i poÅ¡umljavanja (p. 213).

Ivetic, V., Davorija, Z., & Vilotic, D. (2013). Relationship between morphological and physiological attributes of hop hornbeam seedlings. Glasnik Sumarskog Fakulteta, 108, 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2298/GSF1308039I

Ivetić, V., Grossnickle, S., & Škorić, M. (n.d.). Forecasting the field performance of Austrian pine seedlings using morphological attributes. IForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 10(1), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1722-009

Jacobs, D. F., Goodman, R. C., Gardiner, E. S., Salifu, K. F., Overton, R. P., & Hernandez, G. (2012). Nursery stock quality as an indicator of bottomland hardwood forest restoration success in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 27(3), 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2011.628948

Jacobs, D. F., Salifu, K. F., & Seifert, J. R. (2005). Relative contribution of initial root and shoot morphology in predicting field performance of hardwood seedlings. New Forests, 30(2–3), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-5419-y

Kaczmarek, D. J., & Pope, P. E. (1993). Covariate analysis of northern red oak seedling growth. Proceedings of 7th Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference. US Forest Service. General Technical Report SO-93, 351 356.

Maltoni, A., Mariotti, B., Tani, A., & Jacobs, D. F. (2010). Relation ofFraxinus excelsiorseedling morphology to growth and root proliferation during field establishment. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 25(sup8), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2010.485805

Mattsson, A. (1997). Predicting field performance using seedling quality assessment. New Forests, 13(1–3), 227–252. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006590409595

Mexal, J. G., Cuevas Rangel, R. A., & Landis, T. D. (2009). Reforestation success in central Mexico: Factors determining survival and early growth. Tree Planters’ Notes, 53(1), 16 22.

Mexal, J. G., & Landis, T. D. (1990). Target seedling concepts: height and diameter. Proceedings of Combined Meeting of the Western Forest Nursery Association Target Seedling Symposium, U.S. Department of Agriculture Â€“ Forest Service General Technical Report RM-200, 17 36.

Mexal, J. G., & South, D. B. (1991). Bareroot Seedling Culture. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 89–115). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3800-0_6

Morrissey, R. C., Jacobs, D. F., Davis, A. S., & Rathfon, R. A. (2010). Survival and competitiveness of Quercus rubra regeneration associated with planting stocktype and harvest opening intensity. New Forests, 40(3), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-010-9199-7

Oliet, J. A., Planelles, R., Artero, F., Valverde, R., Jacobs, D. F., & Segura, M. L. (2009). Field performance of Pinus halepensis planted in Mediterranean arid conditions: relative influence of seedling morphology and mineral nutrition. New Forests, 37(3), 313–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-008-9126-3

Owston, P. W. (1990). Target seedling specifications: Are stocktype designations useful? Proceedings, Western Forest Nursery Association.

Pinto. (2011). Morphology targets: what do seedling morphological attributes tell us? National Proceedings: Forest and Conservation Nursery Associationsâ€”2010. Proc. RMRS-P-65.

Pinto, D. R. K., A.S., D., & T.D, L. (2011). Conducting seedling stock type trials: a new approach to an old question. Journal of Forestry, 109(5), 293 299.

Puertolas, J. (2003). Effects of nutritional status and seedling size on field performance of Pinus halepensis planted on former arable land in the Mediterranean basin. Forestry, 76(2), 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/76.2.159

Puttonen, P. (1997). Looking for the “silver bullet” -- can one test do it all? New Forests, 13(1–3), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006557502326

Rietveld, W. J., & Sambeek, J. W. (1989). Relating black walnut planting stock to field performance. Proceedings of the Seventh Central Hardwood Forest Conference. St, 162 169.

Schmidt-Vogt, H. (1981). Morphological and physiological characteristics of planting stock. Present state of research and research tasks for the future. Proceedings IUFRO, 433 446.

South, D. B., Harris, S. W., Barnett, J. P., Hainds, M. J., & Gjerstad, D. H. (2005). Effect of container type and seedling size on survival and early height growth of Pinus palustris seedlings in Alabama, U.S.A. Forest Ecology and Management, 204(2–3), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.09.016

South, D. B., Starkey, T. E., & Enebak, S. A. (n.d.). Forest Nursery Practices in the Southern United States. REFORESTA, 1, 106–146. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.1.07.7

South, D. B., & Zwolinski, J. B. (1997). Transplant Stress Index: A proposed method of quantifying planting check. New Forests, 13(1–3), 315–328. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006546627342

StilinoviÄ‡, S. (1960). Root collar as basis for clasifying of seedlings of some broadleaved species (Preliminary communication. Serbian with English Summary]. Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, 20, 201 205.

StilinoviÄ‡, S. (1987). Seedling production of forest and decorative trees and shrubs. 455.

Thompson, B. E. (1984). Establishing a Vigorous Nursery Crop: Bed Preparation, Seed Sowing, and Early Seedling Growth. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 41–49). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6110-4_5

Thompson, B. E. (1985). Seedling morphological evaluation: what you can tell by looking. In: Evaluating seedling quality: principles, procedures, and predictive ability of major tests (pp. 59–72).

Thompson, J. R., & Schultz, R. C. (1995). Root system morphology of Quercus rubra L. planting stock and 3-year field performance in Iowa. New Forests, 9(3), 225–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00035489

Tsakaldimi, M., Ganatsas, P., & Jacobs, D. F. (2013). Prediction of planted seedling survival of five Mediterranean species based on initial seedling morphology. New Forests, 44(3), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9339-3

Tsakaldimi, M., Zagas, T., Tsitsoni, T., & Ganatsas, P. (2005). Root Morphology, Stem Growth and Field Performance of Seedlings of Two Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Species Raised in Different Container Types. Plant and Soil, 278(1–2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-2580-1

Villar-Salvador, P., Planelles, R., Enrı́quez, E., & Rubira, J. P. (2004). Nursery cultivation regimes, plant functional attributes, and field performance relationships in the Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex L. Forest Ecology and Management, 196(2–3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.061

Villar-Salvador, P., Puértolas, J., Cuesta, B., Peñuelas, J. L., Uscola, M., Heredia-Guerrero, N., & Rey Benayas, J. M. (2012). Increase in size and nitrogen concentration enhances seedling survival in Mediterranean plantations. Insights from an ecophysiological conceptual model of plant survival. New Forests, 43(5–6), 755–770. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9328-6

Ward, J. S., Gent, M. P. N., & Stephens, G. R. (2000). Effects of planting stock quality and browse protection-type on height growth of northern red oak and eastern white pine. Forest Ecology and Management, 127(1–3), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00132-2

Wilson, B. C., & Jacobs, D. F. (2006). Quality Assessment of Temperate Zone Deciduous Hardwood Seedlings. New Forests, 31(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-0878-8

Citation

Copyright

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Article metrics

Google scholar: See link

The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

More articles from Volume 1, Issue 2, 2016

Citations

Initial height and diameter are equally related to survival and growth of hardwood seedlings in first year after field planting

Abstract

Keywords

References

Citation

Copyright

Article metrics

Most read articles

Effect of temperature and salinity on germination and seedling establishment of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Simaroubaceae)

Clonal propagation of conifers by somatic embryogenesis (SE) – an introduction to methodology and examples of applications for research and plant production

The role of tree breeding in reforestation

The alleviation of reforestation challenges by beneficial soil microorganisms

Height and diameter performances in afforestation of Taurus cedar and Crimean juniper seedlings: A case study from southern Turkey

Different nursery techniques in the production of Quercus crassifolia

Reforestation challenges in Southeast Europe facing climate change