More articles from Volume 4, Issue 2, 2019
Application of a PhotoThermal model for container-grown conifer seedling production
Acorn size influence on the quality of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) one-year old seedlings
Potassium fertilization in bareroot nurseries in the southern US: a review
Reforestation in Venezuela – current situation and future perspectives
Citations
1
David B. South, Ryan Nadel
(2021)
Irrigation in pine nurseries
REFORESTA, (10)
10.21750/REFOR.10.05.88Application of a PhotoThermal model for container-grown conifer seedling production
Steven Grossnickle
Abstract
This study applied a total energy approach to model seedling growth for container-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Seedlings were grown in three container stocktypes representing a range of cavity volume and density patterns. These seedlings were grown under both controlled greenhouse and outside compound environmental conditions under well-defined cultural conditions. Models for temperature and light ranges were created from work on the ecophysiological performance and morphological development of loblolly pine to these atmospheric conditions. A PhotoThermal data set was created by generating hourly averages of these two environmental variables during the growing season. Light and temperature data were integrated, each weighted equally, into PhotoThermal hours (PTH) to assess the crop growth response. Loblolly pine seedling growth in both the greenhouse and outside compound was directly related to PTH. Seedling growth was also related to the container type with the largest cavity volume and lowest cavity density having the greatest growth per PTH. Application of the PhotoThermal model is discussed for growing seedlings in an operational program having multiple production steps, delivery dates and nursery locations.
Keywords
References
Aghai, M. M., Pinto, J. R., & Davis, A. S. (2014). Container volume and growing density influence western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) seedling development during nursery culture and establishment. New Forests, 45(2), 199–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-013-9402-8
Angus, J. F., Mackenzie, D. H., Morton, R., & Schafer, C. A. (1981). Phasic development in field crops II. Thermal and photoperiodic responses of spring wheat. Field Crops Research, 4, 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(81)90078-2
Aphalo, P. J., & Ballare, C. L. (1995). On the Importance of Information-Acquiring Systems in Plant-Plant Interactions. Functional Ecology, 9(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.2307/2390084
Aphalo, P., & Rikala, R. (2003a). Field performance of silver-birch planting-stock grown at different spacing and in containers of different volume. New Forests, 25(2), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022618810937
Aphalo, P., & Rikala, R. (2003b). Field performance of silver-birch planting-stock grown at different spacing and in containers of different volume. New Forests, 25(2), 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022618810937
Armitage, A. M., & Wetzstein, H. Y. (1984). Influence of Light Intensity on Flower Initiation and Differentiation in Hybrid Geranium. HortScience, 19(1), 114–116. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.19.1.114
Armson, K. A., & Sadreika, V. (1979). Forest tree nursery soil management and related practices.
Barnett, J. P., & Brissette, J. C. (1986). Producing southern pine seedlings in containers. https://doi.org/10.2737/SO-GTR-59
Barney, C. W. (1951). EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON ROOT GROWTH OF LOBLOLLY PINE SEEDLINGS. Plant Physiology, 26(1), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.26.1.146
Boswell, V. R. (1929). Factors influencing yield and quality of peas. Maryland Agric. Exp. Sta. Bul, 306.
Cutting propagation: A guide to propagating and producing floriculture crops. (2006).
Denchev, P., & Grossnickle, S. C. (n.d.). Somatic Embryogenesis for Conifer Seedling Production. REFORESTA, 7, 109–137. https://doi.org/10.21750/REFOR.7.08.70
Faust, J. E., Holcombe, V., Rajapakse, N. C., & Layne, D. R. (2005). The Effect of Daily Light Integral on Bedding Plant Growth and Flowering. HortScience, 40(3), 645–649. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.40.3.645
Graper, D. F., & Healy, W. (1991). High Pressure Sodium Irradiation and Infrared Radiation Accelerate Petunia Seedling Growth. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 116(3), 435–438. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.116.3.435
Grossnickle, S. C. (2000). Ecophysiology of northern spruce species: the performance of planted seedlings.
Grossnickle, S. C., Cyr, D., & Polonenko, D. R. (1996). Somatic embryogenesis tissue culture for the propagation of conifer seedlings: a technology comes of age. Tree Planters’ Notes, 47, 48–57.
Grossnickle, S. C., & Russell, J. H. (1991). Gas exchange processes of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) in response to environmental variables. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69(12), 2684–2691. https://doi.org/10.1139/b91-337
Hammer, G., Goyne, P., & Woodruff, D. (1982). Phenology of sunflower cultivars. III. Models for prediction in field environments. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(2), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9820263
Hocking, D., & Mitchell, D. L. (1975). The Influences of Rooting Volume – Seedling Espacement and Substratum Density on Greenhouse Growth of Lodgepole Pine, White Spruce, and Douglas Fir Grown in Extruded Peat Cylinders. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 5(3), 440–451. https://doi.org/10.1139/x75-061
Hodgson, T. J. (1985). Heat unit summation theory in commercial nursery management. Proceedings, International Symposium on Nursery Management Practices for the Southern Pines, 64–71.
Hodgson, T. J. (2015). The Use of Remote Monitoring and Growing Degree Days for Growing Container Seedlings. Tree Planters’ Notes, 58, 78–80.
Hsiao, T. C. (1973). Plant Responses to Water Stress. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 24(1), 519–570. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.24.060173.002511
Islam, M. S., & Morison, J. I. L. (1992). Influence of solar radiation and temperature on irrigated rice grain yield in Bangladesh. Field Crops Research, 30(1–2), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(92)90053-C
Jinks, R., & Mason, B. (1998). Effects of seedling density on the growth of Corsican pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima Melv.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) in containers. Annales Des Sciences Forestières, 55(4), 407–423. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19980402
Korczynski, P. C., Logan, J., & Faust, J. E. (2002). Mapping Monthly Distribution of Daily Light Integrals across the Contiguous United States. HortTechnology, 12(1), 12–16. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH.12.1.12
Kozlowski, T. T. (1949). Light and Water in Relation to Growth and Competition of Piedmont Forest Tree Species. Ecological Monographs, 19(3), 207–231. https://doi.org/10.2307/1943536
Kozlowski, T. T. (1982). Water supply and tree growth. Part I. Water deficits. For Abstr, 43, 57–95.
KOZLOWSKI, T. T., KRAMER, P. J., & PALLARDY, S. G. (1991). How Woody Plants Grow. In The Physiological Ecology of Woody Plants (pp. 1–30). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-424160-2.50005-7
Kramer, P. J. (1957). Some effects of various combinations of day and night temperatures and photoperiod on the height growth of loblolly pine seedlings. For Sci, 3, 45–55.
Kramer, P. J., & Decker, J. P. (1944). RELATION BETWEEN LIGHT INTENSITY AND RATE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF LOBLOLLY PINE AND CERTAIN HARDWOODS. Plant Physiology, 19(2), 350–358. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.19.2.350
Larcher, W. (1995). Physiological plant ecology: Ecophysiology and stress physiology of functional groups.
Lassoie, J. P., Hinckley, T. M., & Grier, C. C. (1985). Coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. In Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities (pp. 127–161). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4830-3_6
Ledig, F. T., & Perry, T. O. (1969). Net assimilation rate and growth in loblolly pine seedlings. Forest Sci, 15, 431–438.
Lee, C. (2011). Corn growth stages and growing degree days: a quick reference guide. AGR, 202.
Li, X., Guo, T., Mu, Q., Li, X., & Yu, J. (2018a). Genomic and environmental determinants and their interplay underlying phenotypic plasticity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(26), 6679–6684. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718326115
Li, X., Guo, T., Mu, Q., Li, X., & Yu, J. (2018b). Genomic and environmental determinants and their interplay underlying phenotypic plasticity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(26), 6679–6684. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718326115
Liu, B., & Heins, R. D. (1998a). MODELING POINSETTIA VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: THE RESPONSE TO THE RATIO OF RADIANT TO THERMAL ENERGY. Acta Horticulturae, 456, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.456.15
Liu, B., & Heins, R. D. (1998b). MODELING POINSETTIA VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: THE RESPONSE TO THE RATIO OF RADIANT TO THERMAL ENERGY. Acta Horticulturae, 456, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1998.456.15
Liu, B., & Heins, R. D. (2002). Photothermal Ratio Affects Plant Quality in `Freedom’ Poinsettia. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 127(1), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.127.1.20
Madarmga, F. J., & Knott, J. E. (1951). Temperature summations in relation to lettuce growth Proc Am Soc Hort Sci 58:147-152.
Magoon, C. A., & Culpepper, C. W. (1932). Response of sweet corn to varying temperatures from time of planting to canning maturity.
Major, J. E., Grossnickle, S. C., & Arnott, J. T. (1994). Inflence of dormancy induction treatments on the photosynthetic response of field planted western hemlock seedlings. Forest Ecology and Management, 63(2–3), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90113-9
MASLE, J., DOUSSINAULT, G., FARQUHAR, G. D., & SUN, B. (1989). Foliar stage in wheat correlates better to photothermal time than to thermal time. Plant, Cell & Environment, 12(3), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1989.tb01938.x
Mexal, J. G., & Fisher, J. T. (1984). Pruning loblolly pine seedlings. Proc. South. Nur. Conf, 75–83.
Mexal, J. G., & Landis, T. D. (1990). Target seedling concepts: height and diameter. Target Seedling Symposium: Proceedings of the Combined Meeting of Western Forest Nursery Association. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-200, 17–36.
Miller, P., Lanier, W., & Brandt, S. (2001). Using growing degree days to predict plant stages. In MT2001103 AG.
Moccaldi, L. A., & Runkle, E. S. (2007). Modeling the Effects of Temperature and Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral on Growth and Flowering of Salvia splendens and Tagetes patula. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 132(3), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.132.3.283
Niu, G., Heins, R. D., Cameron, A., & Carlson, W. (2001). Temperature and Daily Light Integral Influence Plant Quality and Flower Development of Campanula carpatica “Blue Clips”, “Deep Blue Clips”, and Campanula “Birch Hybrid.” HortScience, 36(4), 664–668. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.36.4.664
Nix, H. A. (1976). Climate and crop productivity in Australia. Climate and rice (pp. 495–507).
Oh, W., Cheon, I. H., Kim, K. S., & Runkle, E. S. (2009a). Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral Influences Flowering Time and Crop Characteristics of Cyclamen persicum. HortScience, 44(2), 341–344. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.44.2.341
Oh, W., Cheon, I. H., Kim, K. S., & Runkle, E. S. (2009b). Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral Influences Flowering Time and Crop Characteristics of Cyclamen persicum. HortScience, 44(2), 341–344. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.44.2.341
Pallardy, S. G. (2008). Physiology of Woody Plants.
Perry, K. B., Wehner, T. C., & Johnson, G. L. (1986). Comparison of 14 Methods to Determine Heat Unit Requirements for Cucumber Harvest. HortScience, 21(3), 419–423. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.21.3.419
Pramuk, L. A., & Runkle, E. S. (2005). Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral During the Seedling Stage Influences Subsequent Growth and Flowering of Celosia, Impatiens, Salvia, Tagetes, and Viola. HortScience, 40(5), 1336–1339. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.40.5.1336
Robertson, G. W. (1968a). A biometeorological time scale for a cereal crop involving day and night temperatures and photoperiod. International Journal of Biometeorology, 12(3), 191–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01553422
Robertson, G. W. (1968b). A biometeorological time scale for a cereal crop involving day and night temperatures and photoperiod. International Journal of Biometeorology, 12(3), 191–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01553422
Sayer, M. A. S., Brissette, J. C., & Barnett, J. P. (2005). Root growth and hydraulic conductivity of southern pine seedlings in response to soil temperature and water availability after planting. New Forests, 30(2–3), 253–272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7481-x
Shirley, H. L. (1929). THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT INTENSITY AND LIGHT QUALITY UPON THE GROWTH OF PLANTS. American Journal of Botany, 16(5), 354–390. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1929.tb09488.x
Simpson, D. G. (1991). Growing Density and Container Volume Affect Nursery and Field Growth of Interior Spruce Seedlings. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, 8(4), 160–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/njaf/8.4.160
Simpson, D. G. (1994). Nursery growing density and container volume affect nursery and field growth of Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine seedlings (pp. 104–114).
Sutton, B. C., Attree, S. M., El-Kassabi, Y. A., Grossnikle, S. C., & Polonenko, D. R. (2004). Commercialization of somatic embryogenesis for plantation forestry. Research Signpost, 275–301.
Sysoeva, M. I., & Markovskaya, E. F. (2006). Photothermal model of plant development. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 37(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360406010036
Teskey, R. O., Bongarten, B. C., Cregg, B. M., Dougherty, P. M., & Hennessey, T. C. (1987). Physiology and genetics of tree growth response to moisture and temperature stress: an examination of the characteristics of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Tree Physiology, 3(1), 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/3.1.41
Teskey, R. O., Fites, J. A., Samuelson, L. J., & Bongarten, B. C. (1986). Stomatal and nonstomatal limitations to net photosynthesis in Pinus taeda L. under different environmental conditions. Tree Physiology, 2(1-2–3), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/2.1-2-3.131
Teskey, R. O., & Hinckley, T. M. (1986). Moisture: Effects of Water Stress on Trees. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 9–33). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4424-4_2
Teskey, R. O., & Will, R. E. (1999). Acclimation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings to high temperatures. Tree Physiology, 19(8), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.8.519
Timmis, R., & Tanaka, Y. (1976). Effects of container density and plant water stress on growth and cold hardiness of Douglas-fir seedlings. For Sci, 22, 167–172.
Tschaplinski, T. J., & Blake, T. J. (1985). Effects of root restriction on growth correlations, water relations and senescence of alder seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 64(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1985.tb02331.x
Wang, J. Y. (1960). A Critique of the Heat Unit Approach to Plant Response Studies. Ecology, 41(4), 785–790. https://doi.org/10.2307/1931815
Will, R. E., & Teskey, R. O. (1997). Effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and root restriction on net photosynthesis, water relations and foliar carbohydrate status of loblolly pine seedlings. Tree Physiology, 17(10), 655–661. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.10.655
Citation
Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article metrics
Google scholar:
See link
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
