More articles from Volume 3, Issue 2, 2018
Pine sawdust biochar as a potential amendment for establishing trees in Appalachian mine spoils
Forest restoration on the former industrial land of Sulphur quarry in the Ukrainian Roztochya
Alley cropping with strawberries: Two case-studies in Romania
Nurse plants and the regeneration niche of tree seedlings in wood-pastures from Western and North-Western Romania
Mid- and long-term effects of stock type on the growth and yield of spruce seedlings in a non-herbicide scenario
Citations
38
Ilan Stavi, Ieva Bebre, Anastazija Dimitrova, John Stanturf
(2024)
Cover cropping to prepare degraded lands for forestry: challenges and opportunities
New Forests, 55(5)
10.1007/s11056-023-10023-9
Ana Cristina Gonçalves
(2024)
Agroforestry for Carbon and Ecosystem Management
, ()
10.1016/B978-0-323-95393-1.00021-X
Bert Cregg, Riley Johnson, Judy Kowalski, Chal Landgren
(2026)
Improving Establishment of Christmas Tree Plantations: Case Studies from the Great Lakes and Pacific Northwest
Horticulturae, 12(2)
10.3390/horticulturae12020138
Ana Cristina Gonçalves, Teresa Fidalgo Fonseca
(2023)
Influence management and disturbances on the regeneration of forest stands
Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 6()
10.3389/ffgc.2023.1123215
Catherine Collet, Chloé Agro, Emila Akroume, Jordan Bello, Alain Berthelot, Vincent Boulanger, Aurore Calas, Noé Dumas, Jonathan Pitaud, Malaurie Puyal, Florian Vast
(2024)
Mechanical site preparation severity mediates one-year-survival response to summer drought in planted tree seedlings
New Forests, 55(5)
10.1007/s11056-024-10050-0
Felipe Turchetto, Maristela Machado Araujo, Adriana Maria Griebeler, Paulo Ademar Avelar Ferreira, Álvaro Luis Pasquetti Berghetti, Suelen Carpenedo Aimi, Claudia Costella
(2025)
Intensive silvicultural practices enhance the performance of forest species in restoration plantations
Journal of Forest Research, 30(1)
10.1080/13416979.2024.2428519
Branislav Cvjetković, Milan Mataruga
(2021)
Life on Land
Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, ()
10.1007/978-3-319-95981-8_113
Matthew S. VanderMolen, Samuel P. Knapp, Christopher R. Webster, Christel C. Kern, Yvette L. Dickinson
(2021)
Spatial patterning of regeneration failure in experimental canopy gaps 15–24 years post-harvest
Forest Ecology and Management, 499()
10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119577
Ehren R. V. Moler, Andrei Toca, Douglass F. Jacobs, Andrew S. Nelson
(2022)
Root system adaptations represent untapped opportunities for forest tree seedling improvement
New Forests, 53(6)
10.1007/s11056-022-09917-x
Ye. M. Koptseva, Yu. V. Kuzmina, I. A. Sorokina, A. A. Bushkovskiy
(2023)
Phytocenotic and Biotopic Parameters Affect the Condition of European Spruce Cultures during the Establishment Stage in the South-East of the Leningrad Region
Лесоведение, (1)
10.31857/S0024114823010084
Raghu Hullenahalli Bettegowda, Anuroopa Nanjundappa, Ashwin Revanna, Harinikumar Kodihalli Manchegowda, Joseph Emmanuel Ravi, Davis Joseph Bagyaraj
(2021)
Selected microbial consortia promotesDalbergia sissoogrowth in the large-scale nursery and wastelands in a semi-arid region in India
Journal of Forest Research, 26(6)
10.1080/13416979.2021.1955439
Mohammed S. Lamhamedi, Steeve Pepin, Damase Khasa
(2023)
The Production Chain of Tree Seedlings, from Seeds to Sustainable Plantations: An Essential Link for the Success of Reforestation and Restoration Programs in the Context of Climate Change
Forests, 14(9)
10.3390/f14091693
Vinícius Henrique De Oliveira, Sara Adrián López de Andrade
(2021)
Manganese accumulation and tolerance in Eucalyptus globulus and Corymbia citriodora seedlings under increasing soil Mn availability
New Forests, 52(4)
10.1007/s11056-020-09819-w
Claudie-Maude Canuel, Évelyne Thiffault, Nelson Thiffault, Dominik Thom
(2024)
Post-harvest regeneration is driven by ecological factors rather than wood procurement intensity in eastern Canadian forests
Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 97(5)
10.1093/forestry/cpae008
Anna C. Ross, Jeremiah R. Pinto, Justin S. Crotteau, Alex Goke, Cara R. Nelson, David L. R. Affleck, Andrew J. Larson
(2025)
Morphological and physiological response of conifer seedlings to drought conditioning
New Forests, 56(6)
10.1007/s11056-025-10121-w
Raquel Juan-Ovejero, Jorge Castro, Francisco B. Navarro, E. Rodríguez-Caballero, M.P. Reyes-Martín, Domingo Alcaraz-Segura, M.N. Jiménez, Alexandro B. Leverkus
(2025)
Effect of revegetation method (seedling outplanting versus direct seeding) on holm oak root architecture: Implications for restoration success under a global change scenario
Forest Ecology and Management, 598()
10.1016/j.foreco.2025.123187
Catriane Sousa-Santos, Junior Pastor Pérez-Molina, Amanda Freitas Cerqueira, Ândrea Carla Dalmolin, Álvaro Alves de Almeida, Martielly Santana dos Santos, Marcelo Schramm Mielke
(2025)
Screening Genipa americana Progenies for Their Ability to Maintain Leaf Vitality Under Severe Dehydration Using Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Forests, 16(5)
10.3390/f16050770
Steven C. Grossnickle, Joanne E. MacDonald
(2026)
Seedling field performance on hot, dry forest restoration sites: influence of plant attributes
New Forests, 57(2)
10.1007/s11056-025-10140-7
Faeqa Mohsin, Mylen Arias, Clifton Albrecht, Kimberly Wahl, Alejandro Fierro-Cabo, Bradley Christoffersen
(2021)
Species-specific responses to restoration interventions in a Tamaulipan thornforest
Forest Ecology and Management, 491()
10.1016/j.foreco.2021.119154
Sergey ArikoIgor Shanin, Margarita Malyukova, Mikhail Shavkov, Svetlana Degtyareva, Evgeniy Pozdnyakov, Sergey Malyukov,
(2023)
OPERATION OF SOIL-CULTIVATING IMPLEMENTS IN CONDITIONS OF NON-UPROOTED CLEARINGS IN THE EUROPEAN PART OF RUSSIA: ANALYSIS OF OBSTACLES IN THE FORM OF STUMPS AND ROOTS
Forestry Engineering Journal, 12(4)
10.34220/issn.2222-7962/2022.4/7
Richardson Barbosa Gomes da Silva, Danilo Simões, Ivar Wendling, Débora Zanoni do Prado, Maria Márcia Pereira Sartori, Angelo Albano da Silva Bertholdi, Magali Ribeiro da Silva
(2023)
Leaf Angle as a Criterion for Optimizing Irrigation in Forest Nurseries: Impacts on Physiological Seedling Quality and Performance after Planting in Pots
Forests, 14(5)
10.3390/f14051042
L.M. Ishbirdina, I.G. Sabirzyanov, S.I. Muftakhova, G. Uzakov, I. Chudov, A. Gibadullin, Z. Zalilova
(2023)
Intensification of cultivation of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings with a closed root system in the Southern Urals
BIO Web of Conferences, 71()
10.1051/bioconf/20237101003
Branislav Cvjetković, Milan Mataruga
(2020)
Life on Land
Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, ()
10.1007/978-3-319-71065-5_113-1
Ana Cristina Gonçalves
(2023)
Land and Environmental Management through Forestry
, ()
10.1002/9781119910527.ch6
Jaana Luoranen, Aura Salmivaara, Jari Miina
(2025)
Recovery of planted spruce seedlings from abiotic damage caused by exceptional weather conditions in the boreal forest: Identification of risks associated with site selection and regeneration practices
Forest Ecology and Management, 585()
10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122620
Emile Caroline Silva Lopes, Martielly Santana dos Santos, Ândrea Carla Dalmolin, Fábio Pinto Gomes, Amanda Freitas Cerqueira, Marcelo Schramm Mielke
(2024)
Growth and Morphophysiological Responses of Protium heptaphyllum Seedlings to Root Deformation and Light Availability
Forest Science, 70(2)
10.1093/forsci/fxae006
Eva Gouveia-Barrocas, Ana Cristina Gonçalves
(2023)
A new methodology to evaluate natural regeneration: A case study of Quercus ilex in the montado in Portugal
Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 6()
10.3389/ffgc.2023.1123248
Jinlong Zhang, Fernanda C. G. Cardoso, Huiling Zhu, Mang Lung Cheuk, Gunter A. Fischer, Stephan W. Gale
(2025)
Temporal shifts in the importance of environmental factors and management interventions among species in the early stages of forest restoration
Journal of Forestry Research, 36(1)
10.1007/s11676-025-01857-4
Marco A. Yáñez, Sergio E. Espinoza, Carlos R. Magni, Eduardo Martínez-Herrera
(2024)
Early Growth and Physiological Acclimation to Shade and Water Restriction of Seven Sclerophyllous Species of the Mediterranean Forests of Central Chile
Plants, 13(17)
10.3390/plants13172410
H.B. Raghu, R. Ashwin, J.E. Ravi, D.J. Bagyaraj
(2020)
Enhancing plant quality and outplanting growth of Acacia auriculiformis in dry wasteland plantations by inoculating a selected microbial consortium in the nursery
Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 50(8)
10.1139/cjfr-2019-0335
Douglas E. Mainhart, Bradley O. Christoffersen, R. Alexander Thompson, Charlotte M. Reemts, Alejandro Fierro-Cabo
(2024)
Preparing for the Worst: Enhancing Seedling Traits to Reduce Transplant Shock in Semi-Arid Regions
Forests, 15(9)
10.3390/f15091607
Wesley da Silva Fonseca, Suellen Sales de Oliveira Santos, Aloisio Xavier, Sebastião Venâncio Martins, Fagner Darlan Dias Corrêa, Laily Katerin Sanchez Dueñez, William Victor Lisboa Alves, Mateus Enrique Amorim Oliveira, Pedro Manuel Villa
(2024)
Extract of Cyperus rotundus L. Stimulates Root Production in Seedlings of Melanoxylon brauna Schott
Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 43(6-10)
10.1080/10549811.2024.2447717
Steven C. Grossnickle, Vladan Ivetić
(2022)
Root system development and field establishment: effect of seedling quality
New Forests, 53(6)
10.1007/s11056-022-09916-y
Celi Gloria Calixto-Valencia, Víctor M. Cetina-Alcalá, Pablo Antúnez, Miguel Á. López-López, Gregorio Ángeles-Pérez, Armando Equihua-Martínez, Erickson Basave-Villalobos
(2024)
Morpho-Physiological Adjustment of Swietenia humilis Zucc. Plants to Varied Nutrient and Light Conditions and Their Performance in Nurseries and Fields Under Soils with Different Preparations
Forests, 15(12)
10.3390/f15122125
Johanna Witzell, Juan A. Oliet, Julio Javier Diez Casero
(2026)
Guidelines for Climate Adaptive Forest Restoration and Reforestation Projects
, ()
10.1016/B978-0-443-34086-4.00007-4
Abdenbi Zine El Abidine, Mohamed Bouderrah, Mohammed Sghir Lamhamedi, Fouad Mounir, Vanessa Has-Marleang Saint Jean, Quentin Ponette
(2020)
Choix des essences de reboisement pour la forêt de la Maâmora (Maroc) sur la base de la tolérance des plants juvéniles à la sécheresse
Physio-Géo, (Volume 15)
10.4000/physio-geo.11251
Janko Arsić, Marko Stojanović, Petr Horáček, Sergei Mikhailov, Jan Krejza
(2025)
Assessing crown reduction as a strategy to mitigate drought stress during initial development of sessile oak and Norway spruce saplings
Central European Forestry Journal, 71(1)
10.2478/forj-2024-0024
Edward M. Hill, Seth Ex
(2020)
Microsite conditions in a low-elevation Engelmann spruce forest favor ponderosa pine establishment during drought conditions
Forest Ecology and Management, 463()
10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118037Seedling Establishment on a Forest Restoration Site
Steven Grossnickle
Abstract
Seedling field performance is affected by both their quality and reforestation site conditions. Seedlings enter the establishment phase when they start to develop root systems into the surrounding soil and are coupled to the restoration site. Once seedlings are established, their inherent growth potential is related to morphological and physiological attributes and their ecophysiological response to site environmental conditions, which ultimately determines field performance. This establishment phase is a time when seedlings developed with certain nursery cultural practices begin to respond to site conditions. This phase is also a period when silvicultural practices have created microsites intended to benefit established seedlings field performance. Seedlings can be exposed to a wide range of environmental conditions during the establishment phase, some of which may be extreme enough to exceed their ability to physiologically tolerate environmental stress. When this occurs, seedling growth on the restoration site is reduced. On the other hand, this phase can provide planted seedlings with ideal environmental conditions that allow for an optimum physiological response and maximization of their growth potential. An understanding of the ecophysiological capability of planted seedlings can ensure they have the best chance at rapid stand establishment.
Keywords
References
Brockley, R. (1988). The effects of fertilization on the early growth of planted seedlings: a problem analysis. FRDA Rep. 011. For Can and BC Min of For.
Burdett, A. N. (1990). Physiological processes in plantation establishment and the development of specifications for forest planting stock. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20(4), 415–427. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-059
Butterfield, B. J., Bradford, J. B., Armas, C., Prieto, I., & Pugnaire, F. I. (2015). Does the stress‐gradient hypothesis hold water? Disentangling spatial and temporal variation in plant effects on soil moisture in dryland systems. Functional Ecology, 30(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12592
Calama, R., Puértolas, J., Manso, R., & Pardos, M. (2015). Defining the optimal regeneration niche for Pinus pinea L. through physiology-based models for seedling survival and carbon assimilation. Trees, 29(6), 1761–1771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-015-1257-5
Callaway, R. (2007). Positive Interactions and Interdependence in Plant Communities.
Carter, G. A., Miller, J. H., Davis, D. E., & Patterson, R. M. (1984). Effect of vegetative competition on the moisture and nutrient status of loblolly pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 14(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1139/x84-001
Chapin, F. S. (1983). Patterns of Nutrient Absorption and Use by Plants from Natural and Man-Modified Environments. In Ecological Studies (pp. 175–187). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69137-9_12
Childs, S. W., Holbo, H. R., & Miller, E. L. (1985). Shadecard and Shelterwood Modification of the Soil Temperature Environment. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 49(4), 1018–1023. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900040046x
Cleary, B., Greaves, R., & Owsten, P. (1978). Regenerating Oregon’s forests: a guide for the regeneration forester. 63–97.
Coates, K. D., & Burton, P. J. (1999). Growth of planted tree seedlings in response to ambient light levels in northwestern interior cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(9), 1374–1382. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-091
Coates, K., Haeussler, S., Lindeburgh, S., Pojar, R., & Stock, A. (1994). Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia. FRDA Rep. 220. For Can and BC Min of For.
Colombo, S. J., & Parker, W. C. (1999). Does Canadian forestry need physiology research? The Forestry Chronicle, 75(4), 667–674. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc75667-4
Colombo, S. J., & Timmer, V. R. (1992). Limits of tolerance to high temperatures causing direct and indirect damage to black spruce. Tree Physiology, 11(1), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/11.1.95
Comeau, P. G., Braumandl, T. F., & Xie, C.-Y. (1993). Effects of overtopping vegetation on light availability and growth of Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii) seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23(10), 2044–2048. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-255
Cortina, J., Amat, B., Castillo, V., Fuentes, D., Maestre, F. T., Padilla, F. M., & Rojo, L. (2011). The restoration of vegetation cover in the semi-arid Iberian southeast. Journal of Arid Environments, 75(12), 1377–1384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.08.003
Dang, Q. L., Lieffers, V. J., & Rothwell, R. L. (1992). Effects of summer frosts and subsequent shade on foliage gas exchange in peatland tamarack and black spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 22(7), 973–979. https://doi.org/10.1139/x92-130
Davis, A. S., & Jacobs, D. F. (2005). Quantifying root system quality of nursery seedlings and relationship to outplanting performance. New Forests, 30(2–3), 295–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-005-7480-y
Day, R. (1963). Spruce seedling mortality caused by adverse summer microclimate in the Rocky Mountains. For Res Br.
del Campo, A. D., Navarro, R. M., & Ceacero, C. J. (2009). Seedling quality and field performance of commercial stocklots of containerized holm oak (Quercus ilex) in Mediterranean Spain: an approach for establishing a quality standard. New Forests, 39(1), 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-009-9152-9
DELUCIA, E. H. (1987). The effect of freezing nights on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and internal CO2 concentration in seedlings of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry). Plant, Cell & Environment, 10(4), 333–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1987.tb01614.x
DeLucia, E. H., & Smith, W. K. (1987). Air and soil temperature limitations on photosynthesis in Engelmann spruce during summer. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17(6), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1139/x87-088
Devetaković, J. R., Makimović, Z., Ivanović, B., Baković, Z., & Ivetić, V. (2017). Stocktype effect on field performance of Austrian pine seedlings. REFORESTA, 4, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.21750/refor.4.03.42
Dinger, E. J., & Rose, R. (2009). Integration of soil moisture, xylem water potential, and fall–spring herbicide treatments to achieve the maximum growth response in newly planted Douglas-fir seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 39(7), 1401–1414. https://doi.org/10.1139/x09-050
Dobbs, R. (1972). Regeneration of white and Engelmann spruce: a literature review with special reference to the British Columbia interior. Can. For. Serv. Inf. Rep.
Dosskey, M. G., & Ballard, T. M. (1980). Resistance to water uptake by Douglas-fir seedlings in soils of different texture. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 10(4), 530–534. https://doi.org/10.1139/x80-086
Draper, D., Spittlehouse, D., Binder, W., & Letchford, T. (1988). Field measurement of photosynthetically active radiation. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep RM, 167, 212–218.
Dubé, S., Plamondon, A. P., & Rothwell, R. L. (1995). Watering up After Clear‐Cutting on Forested Wetlands of the St. Lawrence Lowland. Water Resources Research, 31(7), 1741–1750. https://doi.org/10.1029/95wr00427
Dumais, D., & Prevost, M. (2008). Ecophysiology and growth of advance red spruce and balsam fir regeneration after partial cutting in yellow birch-conifer stands. Tree Physiology, 28(8), 1221–1229. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.8.1221
Dumais, D., & Prevost, M. (2014). Physiology and growth of advance Picea rubens and Abies balsamea regeneration following different canopy openings. Tree Physiology, 34(2), 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt114
Dumais, D., Larouche, C., Raymond, P., Bédard, S., & Lambert, M.-C. (2018). Survival and growth dynamics of red spruce seedlings planted under different forest cover densities and types. New Forests, 50(4), 573–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-018-9680-2
Eis, S. (1967). ESTABLISHMENT AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE SPRUCE IN THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. The Forestry Chronicle, 43(2), 174–177. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc43174-2
ELFVING, D. C., KAUFMANN, M. R., & HALL, A. E. (1972). Interpreting Leaf Water Potential Measurements with a Model of the Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere Continuum. Physiologia Plantarum, 27(2), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1972.tb03594.x
Elliot, K., & White, A. (1987). Competitive effects of various grasses and forbs on ponderosa pine seedlings. For Sci, 356–366.
Eissenstat, D., & Mitchell, J. (1983). Effects of seedling grass and clover on growth and water potential of Douglas-fir seedlings. For Sci, 166–179.
Fan, S., Grossnickle, S. C., & Russell, J. H. (2008). Morphological and physiological variation in western redcedar (Thuja plicata) populations under contrasting soil water conditions. Trees, 22(5), 671–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-008-0225-8
Federer, C. A., & Tanner, C. B. (1966). Spectral Distribution of Light in the Forest. Ecology, 47(4), 555–560. https://doi.org/10.2307/1933932
Fleming, R. L., Black, T. A., & Adams, R. S. (1996). Site preparation effects on Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine water relations following planting in a pinegrass-dominated clearcut. Forest Ecology and Management, 83(1–2), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(95)03701-2
Folk, R. S., Grossnickle, S. C., Major, J. E., & Arnott, J. T. (1994). Influence of nursery culture on western red cedar. New Forests, 8(3), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00025370
Fowler, W., & Td, A. (1987). Illustrating harvest effects on site microclimate in a high elevation forest stand. USDA For Serv Res Note, 466.
Fox, T., Allen, L., Albaugh, H., Rubilar, T., Carlson, R., & C. (2007). Tree nutrition and forest fertilization of pine plantations in the southern United States. S J Appl For, 5–11.
Gjerstad, D. H., Nelson, L. R., Dukes, J. H., & Retzlaff, W. A. (1984). Growth Response and Physiology of Tree Seedlings as Affected by Weed Control. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 247–257). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6137-1_11
Glerum, C., & Paterson, J. (1989). Climatic influences on jack pine and black spruce during eight growing seasons since planting on a dry and a fresh site in northern Ontario. 93–96.
Gómez-Aparicio, L., Zamora, R., Gómez, J. M., Hódar, J. A., Castro, J., & Baraza, E. (2004). APPLYING PLANT FACILITATION TO FOREST RESTORATION: A META‐ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF SHRUBS AS NURSE PLANTS. Ecological Applications, 14(4), 1128–1138. https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5084
Gonzalez-Benecke, C. A., & Dinger, E. J. (2018). Use of water stress integral to evaluate relationships between soil moisture, plant water stress and stand productivity in young Douglas-fir trees. New Forests, 49(6), 775–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-018-9657-1
Groot, A. (1999). Effects of shelter and competition on the early growth of planted white spruce (Picea glauca). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(7), 1002–1014. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-064
Groot, A., & Carlson, D. W. (1996). Influence of shelter on night temperatures, frost damage, and bud break of white spruce seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26(9), 1531–1538. https://doi.org/10.1139/x26-172
Groot, A., Carlson, D., Fleming, R., & Wood, J. (1997). Small openings in trembling aspen forest: microclimate and regeneration of white spruce and trembling aspen.
Grossnickle, S. C. (1987). Influence of flooding and soil temperature on the water relations and morphological development of cold-stored black spruce and white spruce seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17(8), 821–828. https://doi.org/10.1139/x87-130
Grossnickle, S. C. (1988). Planting stress in newly planted jack pine and white spruce. 1 Factors influencing water uptake. Tree Physiology, 4(1), 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/4.1.71
Grossnickle, StevenC. (1993). Shoot water relations and gas exchange of western hemlock and western red cedar seedlings during establishment on a reforestation site. Trees, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00199615
Grossnickle, S. (2000). Ecophysiology of northern spruce species: the performance of planted seedlings.
Grossnickle, S. C. (2005). Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress. New Forests, 30(2–3), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-8303-2
Grossnickle, S. (2005). How big is big enough? In: Colombo SJ (compiler) The thin green line: a symposium on the state-of-the-art in reforestation. OMNR For Res Info Paper, 138–144.
Grossnickle, S. C. (2012). Why seedlings survive: influence of plant attributes. New Forests, 43(5–6), 711–738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-012-9336-6
Grossnickle, S. C., & Blake, T. J. (1986). Environmental and physiological control of needle conductance for bare-root black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine seedlings on boreal cutover sites. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64(5), 943–949. https://doi.org/10.1139/b86-126
Grossnickle, S. C., & Blake, T. J. (1987). Water relations and morphological development of bare-root jack pine and white spruce seedlings: seedling establishment on a boreal cut-over site. Forest Ecology and Management, 18(4), 299–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(87)90133-2
Grossnickle, S. C., & Heikurinen, J. (1989). Site preparation: Water relations and growth of newly planted jack pine and white spruce. New Forests, 3(2), 99–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00021576
Grossnickle, S. C., & El-Kassaby, Y. A. (2015). Bareroot versus container stocktypes: a performance comparison. New Forests, 47(1), 1–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9476-6
Grossnickle, S. C., & Fan, S. (1998). Genetic variation in summer gas exchange patterns of interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss times Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.). Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28(6), 831–840. https://doi.org/10.1139/x98-053
Grossnickle, S. C., & MacDonald, J. E. (2017). Why seedlings grow: influence of plant attributes. New Forests, 49(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9606-4
Grossnickle, S. C., & Major, J. E. (1994). Interior spruce seedlings compared with emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. III. Physiological response and morphological development on a reforestation site. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24(7), 1397–1407. https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-180
Grossnickle, S., & Reid, C. (1984a). The influence of reclamation practices on the micro-climate of a high elevation mine site, and their effect on water relation patterns of Pinus contorta seedlings. Reclam Reveg Res, 31–48.
Grossnickle, S., & Reid, C. (1984b). Water relations of Engelmann spruce seedlings on a high-elevation mine site: an example of how reclamation techniques can alter microclimate and edaphic conditions. Reclam Reveg Res, 199–221.
Grossnickle, S., & Reid, C. (1985). Environmental and physiological control of stomatal response of Picea engelmannii seedlings on a high elevation mine site. Acta OEcol OEcol Plant, 111–123.
Grossnickle, S. C., & Russell, J. H. (2010). Physiological variation among western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) populations in response to short-term drought. Annals of Forest Science, 67(5), 506–506. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest/2010008
Grossnickle, S. C., Fan, S., & Russell, J. H. (2004). Variation in gas exchange and water use efficiency patterns among populations of western redcedar. Trees, 19(1), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-004-0360-9
Gustafson, F. (1943). Influence of light upon tree growth. J For, 212–213.
Haase, D. ;, Riley, L., Haase, D., & Pinto, J. (2011). National proc: forest and conservation nursery associations-2010. USDA For Serv Gen, 121–127.
Haase, D. L., Rose, R., & Trobaugh, J. (2006). Field Performance of Three Stock Sizes of Douglas-fir Container Seedlings Grown with Slow-release Fertilizer in the Nursery Growing Medium. New Forests, 31(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-5396-6
Hagner, S. (1962). Natural regeneration under shelterwood stands. Medd. Statens Skogsforskningsinst, 52.
Hånell, B. (1993). Regeneration of Picea abies forests on highly productive peatlands—clearcutting or selective cutting? Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 8(1–4), 518–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589309382798
Hansson, L. J., Ring, E., Franko, M. A., & Gärdenäs, A. I. (2018). Soil temperature and water content dynamics after disc trenching a sub-xeric Scots pine clearcut in central Sweden. Geoderma, 327, 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.04.023
Helgerson, O. T. (1990). Heat damage in tree seedlings and its prevention. New Forests, 3(4), 333–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00030044
Heiskanen, J., Lahti, M., Luoranen, J., & Rikala, R. (2009). Nutrient loading has a transitory effect on the nitrogen status and growth of outplanted Norway spruce seedlings. Silva Fennica, 43(2). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.210
Hillel, D. (1971). Soil and water. Physical principles and processes.
Hinckley, T., Lassoie, J., & Running, S. (1978). Temporal and spatial variations in the water status of forest trees. For Sci Monogr, 20.
Hinckley, T. M., Teskey, R. O., Duhme, F., & Richter, H. (1981). TEMPERATE HARDWOOD FORESTS. In Woody Plant Communities (pp. 153–208). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-424156-5.50009-3
Holmgren, M., Gómez-Aparicio, L., Quero, J. L., & Valladares, F. (2011). Non-linear effects of drought under shade: reconciling physiological and ecological models in plant communities. Oecologia, 169(2), 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2196-5
Hornung, M., & Newson, M. D. (1986). Upland afforestation: influences on stream hydrology and chemistry. Soil Use and Management, 2(2), 61–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1986.tb00682.x
Hsiao, T. C. (1973). Plant Responses to Water Stress. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 24(1), 519–570. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.24.060173.002511
Hungerford, R. (1979). Microenvironmental response to harvesting and residue management.
Imo, M., & Timmer, V. R. (2001). Growth and nitrogen retranslocation of nutrient loaded Picea mariana seedlings planted on boreal mixedwood sites. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31(8), 1357–1366. https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-063
Jahvis, P. G., & Jarvis, M. S. (1963). The Water Relations of Tree Seedlings I. Growth and Water Use in Relation to Soil Water Potential. Physiologia Plantarum, 16(1), 215–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1963.tb08304.x
Jarvis, P., James, G., & Landsberg, J. (1976). Coniferous forest. 171–240.
Jobidon, R., Roy, V., & Cyr, G. (2003). Net effect of competing vegetation on selected environmental conditions and performance of four spruce seedling stock sizes after eight years in Qu�bec (Canada). Annals of Forest Science, 60(7), 691–699. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2003063
Johnson, D., Edmonds, R., Gessel, S., Cromack, K., Richards, B., Grier, C., Vogt, ., & K. (1982).
Jurásek, A., Leugner, J., & Martincová, J. (2009). Effect of initial height of seedlings on the growth of planting material of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) in mountain conditions. Journal of Forest Science, 55(3), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.17221/97/2008-jfs
Kabzems, R., & Lousier, J. (1992). Regeneration, growth and development of Picea glauca under Populus spp. canopy in the boreal white and black spruce zone. FRDA Rep.
Kaufmann, M. R. (1975). Leaf Water Stress in Engelmann Spruce. Plant Physiology, 56(6), 841–844. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.56.6.841
Kaufmann, M. R. (1982). Evaluation of Season, Temperature, and Water Stress Effects on Stomata Using a Leaf Conductance Model. Plant Physiology, 69(5), 1023–1026. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.69.5.1023
Keenan, R. J., & (Hamish) Kimmins, J. P. (1993). The ecological effects of clear-cutting. Environmental Reviews, 1(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1139/a93-010
Khanal, P. N., Dean, T. J., Roberts, S. D., Grebner, D. L., & Straka, T. J. (2018). Explaining First-Year Seedling Survival from Quality Distributions of Bare-Root Seedlings and Microsites in Industrial Plantations. Open Journal of Forestry, 08(03), 362–379. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2018.83023
Kim, Y. T., Colombo, S. J., Hickie, D. F., & Noland, T. L. (1999). Amino Acid, Carbohydrate, Glutathione, Mineral Nutrient and Water Potential Changes in Non-water-stressed Picea mariana Seedlings After Transplanting. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 14(5), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589950154122
Kohnke, H. (1968). Soil physics.
Kolb, P. F., & Robberecht, R. (1996). High temperature and drought stress effects on survival of Pinus ponderosa seedlings. Tree Physiology, 16(8), 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.8.665
Koppenaal, R. S., Colombo, S. J., & Blumwald, E. (1991). Acquired thermotolerance of jack pine, white spruce and black spruce seedlings. Tree Physiology, 8(1), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/8.1.83
Kozlowski, T. (1982a). Water supply and tree growth. Part II. Flooding. For Abstr, 145–158.
Kozlowski, T. (1982b). Water supply and tree growth. Part I. Water Deficits. For Abstr, 57–95.
Kozlowski, T. T., & Pallardy, S. G. (2002). Acclimation and Adaptive Responses of Woody Plants to Environmental Stresses. The Botanical Review, 68(2), 270–334. https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0270:aaarow]2.0.co;2
Kozlowski, T., Kramer, P., & Pallardy, S. (1991). The physiological ecology of woody plants.
Krasowski, M., Letchford, T., & Eastham, A. (1993). Growth of short-day treated spruce seedlings planted throughout British Columbia. For Can and BC Min of For. 209.
Kubin, E., & Kemppainen, L. (1994). Effect of soil preparation of boreal spruce forest on air and soil temperature conditions in forest regeneration areas. Acta Forestalia Fennica, 244. https://doi.org/10.14214/aff.7506
Larcher, W. (1995). Physiological Plant Ecology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87851-0
Lassoie, J. P., Hinckley, T. M., & Grier, C. C. (1985). Coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest. In Physiological Ecology of North American Plant Communities (pp. 127–161). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4830-3_6
Leverenz, J. W., & Jarvis, P. G. (1979). Photosynthesis in Sitka Spruce. VIII. The Effects of Light Flux Density and Direction on the Rate of Net Photosynthesis and the Stomatal Conductance of Needles. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 16(3), 919. https://doi.org/10.2307/2402865
Levitt, J. (1980). I. Chilling, freezing and high temperature stress.
Levy, P. E., & McKay, H. M. (2003). Assessing tree seedling vitality tests using sensitivity analysis of a process-based growth model. Forest Ecology and Management, 183(1–3), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(03)00095-1
Lieffers, V. J., & Rothwell, R. L. (1986). Effects of depth of water table and substrate temperature on root and top growth of Picea mariana and Larix lancina seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16(6), 1201–1206. https://doi.org/10.1139/x86-214
Lu, D., Wang, G., Zhang, J., Fang, Y., Zhu, C., & Zhu, J. (2018). Converting larch plantations to mixed stands: Effects of canopy treatment on the survival and growth of planted seedlings with contrasting shade tolerance. For Ecol Manage, 19–28.
Luoranen, J., & Rikala, R. (2011). Nutrient loading of Norway spruce seedlings hastens bud burst and enhances root growth after outplanting. Silva Fennica, 45(3). https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.105
Luoranen, J., Saksa, T., & Lappi, J. (2018). Seedling, planting site and weather factors affecting the success of autumn plantings in Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings. For Ecol Manage, 420, 79–90.
Major, J. E., Grossnickle, S. C., Folk, R. S., & Arnott, J. T. (1994). Influence of nursery culture on western red cedar. New Forests, 8(3), 211–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00025369
Malik, V., & Timmer, V. R. (1998). Biomass partitioning and nitrogen retranslocation in black spruce seedlings on competitive mixedwood sites: a bioassay study. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 28(2), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.1139/x97-207
Man, R., & Lieffers, V. J. (1997). Seasonal variations of photosynthetic capacities of white spruce (Picea glauca) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) saplings. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75(10), 1766–1771. https://doi.org/10.1139/b97-890
Man, R., & Lieffers, V. J. (1999). Effects of shelterwood and site preparation on microclimate and establishment of white spruce seedlings in a boreal mixedwood forest. The Forestry Chronicle, 75(5), 837–844. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc75837-5
Manrique‐Alba, À., Sevanto, S., Adams, H. D., Collins, A. D., Dickman, L. T., Chirino, E., Bellot, J., & McDowell, N. G. (2018). Stem radial growth and water storage responses to heat and drought vary between conifers with differing hydraulic strategies. Plant, Cell & Environment, 41(8), 1926–1934. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13340
Margolis, H. A., & Brand, D. G. (1990). An ecophysiological basis for understanding plantation establishment. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20(4), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-056
Margolis, H. A., & Waring, R. H. (1986). Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in autumn. II. Field performance. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16(5), 903–909. https://doi.org/10.1139/x86-161
Marsden, B. J., Lieffers, V. J., & Zwiazek, J. J. (1996). The effect of humidity on photosynthesis and water relations of white spruce seedlings during the early establishment phase. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26(6), 1015–1021. https://doi.org/10.1139/x26-112
Mason, E., South, D., & Weizhong, Z. (1996). Performance of Pinus radiata in relation to seedling grade, weed control, and soil cultivation in the central North Island of New Zealand. N Z J For Sci, 173–183.
McAlister, J. A., & Timmer, V. R. (1998). Nutrient enrichment of white spruce seedlings during nursery culture and initial plantation establishment. Tree Physiology, 18(3), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/18.3.195
Mcdonald, S., & Running, S. (1979). Monitoring irrigation in western forest tree nurseries. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep RM, 61.
McDowell, N., Pockman, W. T., Allen, C. D., Breshears, D. D., Cobb, N., Kolb, T., Plaut, J., Sperry, J., West, A., Williams, D. G., & Yepez, E. A. (2008). Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought? New Phytologist, 178(4), 719–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02436.x
Messier, C., Parent, S., & Bergeron, Y. (1998). Effects of overstory and understory vegetation on the understory light environment in mixed boreal forests. Journal of Vegetation Science, 9(4), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237266
Mexal, J., & Landis, T. (1990). Target seedling symposium: proceedings: combined meeting of the Western forest nursery associations. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep RM, 17–36.
Miller, P. C. (1983). Comparison of Water Balance Characteristics of Plant Species in “Natural” Versus Modified Ecosystems. In Ecological Studies (pp. 188–212). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69137-9_13
Mitton, J. B. (1995). Genetics and the Physiological Ecology of Conifers. In Ecophysiology of Coniferous Forests (pp. 1–36). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-092593-6.50006-2
Morrissey, R. C., Jacobs, D. F., Davis, A. S., & Rathfon, R. A. (2010). Survival and competitiveness of Quercus rubra regeneration associated with planting stocktype and harvest opening intensity. New Forests, 40(3), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-010-9199-7
Montague, T., Kjelgren, R., & Rupp, L. (2000). Surface energy balance affects gas exchange and growth of two irrigated landscape tree species in an arid climate. Journal of the Am Soc Hort Sci, 299–309.
Mucina, L., Bustamante-Sánchez, M. A., Pedra, B. D., Holmes, P., Keeler-Wolf, T., Armesto, J. J., Dobrowolski, M., Gaertner, M., Smith-Ramírez, C., & Vilagrosa, A. (2017). Ecological Restoration in Mediterranean-Type Shrublands and Woodlands. In Routledge Handbook of Ecological and Environmental Restoration (pp. 173–196). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315685977-13
Munson, A. D., & Bernier, P. Y. (1993). Comparing natural and planted black spruce seedlings. II. Nutrient uptake and efficiency of use. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23(11), 2435–2442. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-301
Sadanandan Nambiar, E. K. (1990). Interplay between nutrients, water, root growth and productivity in young plantations. Forest Ecology and Management, 30(1–4), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90138-2
Nambiar, E., & Zed, P. (1980). Influence of weeds on the water potential, nutrient content and growth of young radiata pine. Aust For Res, 279–288.
Newton, M., Comeau, P. ;, Lavender, D., Parish, R., Johnson, C., Montgomery, G., Vyse, A., Willis, R., & Winston, D. (1990). Control of competing vegetation. 257–265.
Nilsson, U., Gemmel, P., & Hällgren, J. (1996). Competing vegetation effects on initial growth of planted Picea abies. NZ J For Sci, 84–98.
Nobel, D., & Alexander, R. (1977). Environmental factors affecting natural regeneration of Engelmann spruce in the central Rocky Mountains. For Sci, 420–429.
Nuñez, C. I., Raffaele, E., Nuñez, M. A., & Cuassolo, F. (2009). When do nurse plants stop nursing? Temporal changes in water stress levels in Austrocedrus chilensis growing within and outside shrubs. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20(6), 1064–1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.01107.x
Örlander, G., Gemmel, P., & Hunt, J. (1990).
Pabst, R. J., Tappeiner, J. C., & Newton, M. (1990). Varying densities of Pacific madrone in a young stand in Oregon alter soil water-potential, plant moisture stress, and growth of Douglas fir. Forest Ecology and Management, 37(4), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(90)90096-t
Palacios, G., Navarro Cerrillo, R. M., del Campo, A., & Toral, M. (2009). Site preparation, stock quality and planting date effect on early establishment of Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings. Ecological Engineering, 35(1), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.09.006
Pallardy, S. (2008). Physiology of Woody Plants.
Parker, J. (1949). EFFECTS OF VARIATIONS IN THE ROOT-LEAF RATIO ON TRANSPIRATION RATE. Plant Physiology, 24(4), 739–743. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.4.739
Pernot, C., Thiffault, N., & DesRochers, A. (2019). Root system origin and structure influence planting shock of black spruce seedlings in boreal microsites. Forest Ecology and Management, 433, 594–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.043
Perry, M. A., Mitchell, R. J., Zutter, B. R., Glover, G. R., & Gjerstad, D. H. (1994). Seasonal variation in competitive effect on water stress and pine responses. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 24(7), 1440–1449. https://doi.org/10.1139/x94-186
Petersen, T., Newton, M., & Zedaker, S. (1988). Influence of Ceanothus velutinus and associated forbs on the water stress and stemwood production of Douglas-fir. For Sci, 333–343.
Pinto, J. R., Davis, A. S., Leary, J. J. K., & Aghai, M. M. (2015). Stocktype and grass suppression accelerate the restoration trajectory of Acacia koa in Hawaiian montane ecosystems. New Forests, 46(5–6), 855–867. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9492-6
Pinto, J. R., McNassar, B. A., Kildisheva, O. A., & Davis, A. S. (2018). Stocktype and Vegetative Competition Influences on Pseudotsuga menziesii and Larix occidentalis Seedling Establishment. Forests, 9(5), 228. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9050228
Pinto, J., Marshall, J., Dumroese, R., Davis, A., & Cobos, D. (2011). Establishment and growth of container seedlings for reforestation: A function of stocktype and edaphic conditions. For Ecol Manage, 1876–1884.
Pinto, J. R., Marshall, J. D., Dumroese, R. K., Davis, A. S., & Cobos, D. R. (2015). Seedling establishment and physiological responses to temporal and spatial soil moisture changes. New Forests, 47(2), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9511-7
Pokharel, P., Choi, W.-J., Jamro, G. M., & Chang, S. X. (2017). Weed control increases nitrogen retranslocation and growth of white spruce seedlings on a reclaimed oil sands soil. New Forests, 48(5), 699–717. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-017-9593-5
Prevost, M. (1992). Effects of scarification on soil properties, seedling growth and competition: review of current knowledge and research perspectives in Quebec. Ann For Sci, 277–296.
Querejeta, J. I., Roldán, A., Albaladejo, J., & Castillo, V. (2001). Soil water availability improved by site preparation in a Pinus halepensis afforestation under semiarid climate. Forest Ecology and Management, 149(1–3), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(00)00549-1
Radosevich, S., & Osteryoung, K. (1987). Principles governing plant-environment interactions. 105–156.
Raftoyannis, Y., Radoglou, K., & Halivopoulos, G. (2006). Ecophysiology and Survival of Acer pseudoplatanus L., Castanea sativa Miller. and Quercus frainetto Ten. Seedlings on a Reforestation Site in Northern Greece. New Forests, 31(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-004-7365-5
Reifsnyder, W. E., Furnival, G. M., & Horowitz, J. L. (1971). Spatial and temporal distribution of solar radiation beneath forest canopies. Agricultural Meteorology, 9, 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(71)90004-5
Reynolds, P. E., Buckley, D. A., Simpson, J. A., Gordon, A. M., Gresch, D. A., Lautenschlager, R. A., & Bell, F. W. (1997). Alternative conifer release treatments affect below- and near-ground microclimate. The Forestry Chronicle, 73(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc73075-1
Rikala, R., Heiskanen, J., & Lahti, M. (2004). Autumn Fertilization in the Nursery Affects Growth ofPicea abiesContainer Seedlings After Transplanting. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 19(5), 409–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580410030190
Ritchie, G. A., & Hinckley, T. M. (1975). The Pressure Chamber as an Instrument for Ecological Research. In Advances in Ecological Research (pp. 165–254). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60290-1
Will, R. E., Wilson, S. M., Zou, C. B., & Hennessey, T. C. (2013a). Increased vapor pressure deficit due to higher temperature leads to greater transpiration and faster mortality during drought for tree seedlings common to the forest–grassland ecotone. New Phytologist, 200(2), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12321
Rose, R., & Scott Ketchum, J. (2003). Interaction of initial seedling diameter, fertilization and weed control on Douglas-fir growth over the first four years After Planting. Annals of Forest Science, 60(7), 625–635. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2003055
Rutenbeck, N. E., Frey, B. R., Covey, K. R., Berlyn, G. P., Schmitz, O. J., Larson, B. C., & Ashton, M. S. (2018). Influence of gap position and competition control on the leaf physiology of planted Picea glauca and natural regeneration of Populus tremuloides. Forest Ecology and Management, 424, 228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.05.010
Ruthrof, K. X., Bader, M. K.-F., Matusick, G., Jakob, S., & Hardy, G. E. St. J. (2015). Promoting seedling physiological performance and early establishment in degraded Mediterranean-type ecosystems. New Forests, 47(3), 357–376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9520-6
Sakai, A., & Larcher, W. (1987). Frost Survival of Plants. In Ecological Studies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71745-1
Salifu, K. F., & Timmer, V. R. (2003). Optimizing nitrogen loading ofPicea marianaseedlings during nursery culture. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 33(7), 1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.1139/x03-057
Sands, R., & Nambiar, E. K. S. (1984). Water relations of Pinusradiata in competition with weeds. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 14(2), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.1139/x84-045
Schaible, R., & Dickson, D. (1990). Effects of drainage intensity and planting position on the growth and nutrition of second rotation Sitka spruce on shallow peat. Ir For, 19–27.
Schulze, E.-D., Turner, N., Gollan, T., & Schackel, K. (1987). Stomatal responses to air humidity and to soil drought. 311–321.
Seidel, K. (1986). Tolerance of seedlings of ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, ground-fir, and Engelmann spruce for high temperatures. NW Sci, 1–7.
Shainsky, L. J., & Radosevich, S. R. (1992). Mechanisms of Competition Between Douglas‐Fir and Red Alder Seedlings. Ecology, 73(1), 30–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938718
Sharkey, T. D. (1984). Transpiration-induced changes in the photosynthetic capacity of leaves. Planta, 160(2), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00392862
Simpson, D. G., & Ritchie, G. A. (1997). Does RGP predict field performance? A debate. New Forests, 13(1–3), 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006542526433
Smith, W. K., Young, D. R., Carter, G. A., Hadley, J. L., & McNaughton, G. M. (1984). Autumn stomatal closure in six conifer species of the Central Rocky Mountains. Oecologia, 63(2), 237–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00379883
Söderstöm, V. (1981). In Forest regeneration at high latitudes: experience from northern Sweden. USDA For Serv Gen Tech Rep PNW-132. 17–20.
Spies, T. (1997). Creating a forestry for the twenty-first century: the science of ecosystem management. 11–30.
Spittlehouse, D., & Childs, S. (1990). Evaluating the seedling moisture environment after site preparation. 80–94.
Spittlehouse, D., & Stathers, R. (1990). Seedling microclimate. FRDA Rep. 65. For Can and BC Min For.
Soliveres, S., Maestre, F. T., Bowker, M. A., Torices, R., Quero, J. L., García-Gómez, M., Cabrera, O., Cea, A. P., Coaguila, D., Eldridge, D. J., Espinosa, C. I., Hemmings, F., Monerris, J. J., Tighe, M., Delgado-Baquerizo, M., Escolar, C., García-Palacios, P., Gozalo, B., Ochoa, V., … Noumi, Z. (2014). Functional traits determine plant co-occurrence more than environment or evolutionary relatedness in global drylands. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 16(4), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2014.05.001
South, D. B., & Barnett, J. P. (1986). Herbicides and planting date affect early performance of container-grown and bare-root loblolly pine seedlings in Alabama. New Forests, 1(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00028118
South, D. B., Harris, S. W., Barnett, J. P., Hainds, M. J., & Gjerstad, D. H. (2005). Effect of container type and seedling size on survival and early height growth of Pinus palustris seedlings in Alabama, U.S.A. Forest Ecology and Management, 204(2–3), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.09.016
Spomer, G. G. (1973). The Concepts of “Interaction” and “Operational Environment” in Environmental Analyses. Ecology, 54(1), 200–204. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934391
Staaf, H., & Olsson, B. A. (1994). Effects of slash removal and stump harvesting on soil water chemistry in a clearcutting in SW Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 9(1–4), 305–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589409382844
Staples, T. E., Van Rees, K. C., & Kessel, C. van. (1999). Nitrogen competition using 15N between early successional plants and planted white spruce seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(8), 1282–1289. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-072
Stathers, R. (1989). Summer frost in young forest plantations. FRDA Rep. 073. For Can and BC Min of For.
Stathers, R., Spittlehouse, D., & Lousier, J. (1990). Seedling microclimate and reforestation. FRDA Memo 152. For Can and BC Min of For.
Steen, O., Stathers, R., & Coupé, R. (1990). Identification and management of summer frost-prone sites in the Cariboo Forest Region. FRDA Rep. 157. For Can and BC Min of For.
Stewart, J., & Bernier, P. (1995). Gas exchange and water relations of 3 sizes of containerized Picea mariana seedlings subjected to atmospheric and edaphic water stress under controlled conditions. Annales Des Sciences Forestières, 52(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19950101
Sutton, R. (1982). Plantation establishment in the boreal forest: planting season extension Can For Serv, Great Lakes For Center.
Sutton, R. (1985). Vegetation management in Canadian forestry.
Sutton, R. F. (1993). Mounding site preparation: A review of European and North American experience. New Forests, 7(2), 151–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00034198
Sutton, R., & Tinus, R. (1983). Root and root system terminology. For Sci Monogr.
Swanson, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Beschta, R. L., Crisafulli, C. M., DellaSala, D. A., Hutto, R. L., Lindenmayer, D. B., & Swanson, F. J. (2010). The forgotten stage of forest succession: early‐successional ecosystems on forest sites. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1890/090157
Tanner, D., Delong, S., & Eastham, A. (1996). Investigation of planting white spruce under a trembling aspen canopy. 114–121.
Teskey, R. O., & Hinckley, T. M. (1986). Moisture: Effects of Water Stress on Trees. In Forestry Sciences (pp. 9–33). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4424-4_2
Thiffault, N., Jobidon, R., & Munson, A. D. (2014). Comparing large containerized and bareroot conifer stock on sites of contrasting vegetation composition in a non-herbicide scenario. New Forests, 45(6), 875–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-014-9443-7
Thompson, B. (1985). Evaluating seedling quality: principles, procedures, and predictive ability of major tests. 59–72.
Timmer, V. R. (1997). Exponential nutrient loading: a new fertilization technique to improve seedling performance on competitive sites. New Forests, 13(1–3), 279–299. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006502830067
Timmer, V., & Aidelbaum, A. (1996). Manual for exponential nutrient loading of seedlings to improve outplanting performance on competitive forest sites. NRCan, CFS-GLFC.
Tinus, R. (1974). Proceeding: North American containerized forest tree seedling symposium. Great Plains Agricultural Council. 68, 276–282.
Tranquillini, W. (1979). Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline. In Ecological Studies. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-67107-4
(N.d.). Reforesta Scientific Society.
Tsakaldimi, M., Zagas, T., Tsitsoni, T., & Ganatsas, P. (2005). Root Morphology, Stem Growth and Field Performance of Seedlings of Two Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Species Raised in Different Container Types. Plant and Soil, 278(1–2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-2580-1
Driessche, R. van den. (1991). Influence of container nursery regimes on drought resistance of seedlings following planting. I. Survival and growth. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21(5), 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1139/x91-077
Effects of nutrients on stock performance in the forest. (1991). 229–260.
Viereck, L. A., Cleve, K. V., Adams, P. C., & Schlentner, R. E. (1993). Climate of the Tanana River floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 23(5), 899–913. https://doi.org/10.1139/x93-118
Villar-Salvador, P., Uscola, M., & Jacobs, D. F. (2015). The role of stored carbohydrates and nitrogen in the growth and stress tolerance of planted forest trees. New Forests, 46(5–6), 813–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-015-9499-z
Vitousek, P. M., Gosz, J. R., Grier, C. C., Melillo, J. M., Reiners, W. A., & Todd, R. L. (1979). Nitrate Losses from Disturbed Ecosystems. Science, 204(4392), 469–474. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.204.4392.469
Der Gönna, V., & M. (1989). First year performance and root egress of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) seedlings in mechanically prepared and untreated planting spots in north central British Columbia.
Wagner, R. G., Mohammed, G. H., & Noland, T. L. (1999). Critical period of interspecific competition for northern conifers associated with herbaceous vegetation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(7), 890–897. https://doi.org/10.1139/x99-055
Weger, H. G., & Guy, R. D. (1991). Cytochrome and alternative pathway respiration in white spruce (Picea glauca) roots. Effects of growth and measurement temperature. Physiologia Plantarum, 83(4), 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb02486.x
Welander, N. T., Gemmel, P., Hellgren, O., & Ottosson, B. (1994). The consequences of freezing temperatures followed by high irradiance on in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence and growth in Picea abies. Physiologia Plantarum, 91(1), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb00667.x
Wells, E. D., & Warren, W. G. (1997). Height growth, needle mass and needle nutrient concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Cu in a 6‐year‐old black spruce peatland plantation in Newfoundland, Canada. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 12(2), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827589709355395
Will, R. E., Wilson, S. M., Zou, C. B., & Hennessey, T. C. (2013b). Increased vapor pressure deficit due to higher temperature leads to greater transpiration and faster mortality during drought for tree seedlings common to the forest–grassland ecotone. New Phytologist, 200(2), 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12321
Williams, C., & Lipscomb, D. (1977). Water table rise after cutting on coastal plain soils. South J Appl For, 46–48.
Wood, J. E., & Althen, F. W. von. (1993). Establishment of white spruce and black spruce in Boreal Ontario: Effects of chemical site preparation and post-planting weed control. The Forestry Chronicle, 69(5), 554–560. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc69554-5
Xu, X., & Timmer, V. R. (1999). Growth and nitrogen nutrition of Chinese fir seedlings exposed to nutrient loading and fertilization. Plant and Soil, 216(1–2), 83–91. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004733714217
Yang, L., Liu, N., Ren, H., & Wang, J. (2009). Facilitation by two exotic Acacia: Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium as nurse plants in South China. Forest Ecology and Management, 257(8), 1786–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.033
Youngblood, A. P., & Zasada, J. C. (1991). White spruce artificial regeneration options on river floodplains in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 21(4), 423–433. https://doi.org/10.1139/x91-057
Youngblood, A., Cole, E., & Newton, M. (2011). Survival and growth response of white spruce stock types to site preparation in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 41(4), 793–809. https://doi.org/10.1139/x11-001
Zhu, J., Lu, D., & Zhang, W. (2014). Effects of gaps on regeneration of woody plants: a meta-analysis. Journal of Forestry Research, 25(3), 501–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-014-0489-3
Zobel, B., & Talbert, J. (1984). Applied forest tree improvement.
Citation
Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article metrics
Google scholar:
See link
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
