Antonio Montagnoli, Mattia Terzaghi, Alessio Miali, Donato Chiatante, R. Kasten Dumroese
(2023)
Unusual late-fall wildfire in a pre-Alpine Fagus sylvatica forest reduced fine roots in the shallower soil layer and shifted very fine-root growth to deeper soil depth
Increased summer drought and wildfires as a consequence of continuing climate change are expected to lead to disturbance of Mediterranean ecosystems. Seedlings recruitment is sensitive to both stresses and, therefore, any adaptation and restoration strategy devised to protect these forests should take into account a careful study on their effects on seedling development. As a substantial fraction of net primary productivity of forested ecosystems is channelled in the belowground compartments, the knowledge of how roots behave under stressful conditions becomes of primary importance to select the right management strategy to be implemented. This work tries to enlighten the events occurring in the fine root portion of the root system in young seedlings of three co-existing oak species (Quercus ilex, Quercus trojana and Quercus virgiliana) under controlled conditions. We have made a comparative analysis of the effect of these two stresses, alone or in combination, with the aim to evaluate the tolerance level of these seedlings and, therefore, to obtain an indication of their recruitment potential in the field. The parameters investigated were biomass and a number of morphological traits. Data obtained suggest that a decrease in diameter could be part of a tolerance strategy in all three oaks tested together with a reduction of root length. In addition, tolerance to water shortage could require a reduction of carbon allocated belowground, in particular in the very fine roots, which leads to an overall reduction of the root system dimension. Q. trojana seedlings seem to be the fastest in resuming growth after stress interruption but a good recovery was also found for the remaining two oak species. Although our study provides interesting information regarding a possible tolerance strategy taking place in the fine root compartment when seedlings of these three oak species undergo water stress and fire treatment, more information is needed before any suggestion can be made as to which species would be best suited to make these forests more resistant to global changes.
Barlow, P. W. (1997). Stem cells and founder zones in plants, particularly their roots. In Stem Cells (pp. 29–57). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012563455-7/50003-9
Barlow, P. W. (2010). Plastic, inquisitive roots and intelligent plants in the light of some new vistas in plant biology. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 144(2), 396–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263501003718570
Barney, C. W. (1951). EFFECTS OF SOIL TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON ROOT GROWTH OF LOBLOLLY PINE SEEDLINGS. Plant Physiology, 26(1), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.26.1.146
Bauhus, J., & Messier, C. (1999). Soil exploitation strategies of fine roots in different tree species of the southern boreal forest of eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 29(2), 260–273. https://doi.org/10.1139/x98-206
Bergeron, Y., & Fyles, J. (n.d.). Ecosystem Management in the Boreal Forest. https://doi.org/10.1515/9782760523821
Bevington, K. B., & Castle, W. S. (1985). Annual Root Growth Pattern of Young Citrus Trees in Relation to Shoot Growth, Soil Temperature, and Soil Water Content. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 110(6), 840–845. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.110.6.840
Bianco, P., Brullo, S., Minissale, P., Signorello, P., & Spampinato, G. (1998). Considerazioni fitosociologiche sui boschi a Quercus trojanae Webb della Puglia (Italia Meridionale. Studia Geobotanica, 16, 33–38.
Burke, M. K., & Raynal, D. J. (1994). Fine root growth phenology, production, and turnover in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem. Plant and Soil, 162(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01416099
Chapin, F. S., Schulze, E., & Mooney, H. A. (1990). The Ecology and Economics of Storage in Plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21(1), 423–447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.21.110190.002231
CHAVES, M. M. (2002). How Plants Cope with Water Stress in the Field? Photosynthesis and Growth. Annals of Botany, 89(7), 907–916. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf105
Chaves, M. M., Maroco, J. P., & Pereira, J. S. (2003). Understanding plant responses to drought — from genes to the whole plant. Functional Plant Biology, 30(3), 239–264. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP02076
Chiatante, D., Di Iorio, A., Maiuro, L., & Scippa, S. G. (1999). Effect of water stress on root meristems in woody and herbaceous plants during the first stage of development. Plant and Soil, 217(1–2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004691705048
Chiatante, D., Di Iorio, A., & Scippa, G. S. (2005). Root responses of Quercus ilex L. seedlings to drought and fire. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 139(2), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500500160591
Chiatante, D., Iorio, A. D., Sciandra, S., Scippa, G. S., & Mazzoleni, S. (2006). Effect of drought and fire on root development in Quercus pubescens Willd. and Fraxinus ornus L. seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 56(2), 190–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.01.014
Chiatante, D., Tognetti, R., Scippa, G. S., Congiu, T., Baesso, B., Terzaghi, M., & Montagnoli, A. (2015). Interspecific variation in functional traits of oak seedlings (Quercus ilex, Quercus trojana, Quercus virgiliana) grown under artificial drought and fire conditions. Journal of Plant Research, 128(4), 595–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-015-0729-4
Comas, L., Bouma, T., & Eissenstat, D. (2002). Linking root traits to potential growth rate in six temperate tree species. Oecologia, 132(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0922-8
Comas, L. H., Becker, S. R., Cruz, V. M. V., Byrne, P. F., & Dierig, D. A. (n.d.). Root traits contributing to plant productivity under drought. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00442
COMAS, L. H., & EISSENSTAT, D. M. (2004). Linking fine root traits to maximum potential growth rate among 11 mature temperate tree species. Functional Ecology, 18(3), 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00835.x
Cudlin, P., Kieliszewska-Rokicka, B., Rudawska, M., Grebenc, T., Alberton, O., Lehto, T., Bakker, M. R., Børja, I., Konôpka, B., Leski, T., Kraigher, H., & Kuyper, T. W. (2007). Fine roots and ectomycorrhizas as indicators of environmental change. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 141(3), 406–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500701626028
Curt, T., & Prévosto, B. (2003). Rooting strategy of naturally regenerated beech in Silver birch and Scots pine woodlands. Plant and Soil, 255(1), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026132021506
De Luis, M., González‐Hidalgo, J. C., & Raventós, J. (2003). Effects of fire and torrential rainfall on erosion in a Mediterranean gorse community. Land Degradation & Development, 14(2), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.547
Deans, J. D., & Ford, E. D. (1986). Seasonal patterns of radial root growth and starch dynamics in plantation-grown Sitka spruce trees of different ages. Tree Physiology, 1(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/1.3.241
Di Iorio, A., Giacomuzzi, V., & Chiatante, D. (2016). Acclimation of fine root respiration to soil warming involves starch deposition in very fine and fine roots: a case study in Fagus sylvatica saplings. Physiologia Plantarum, 156(3), 294–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.12363
Di Iorio, A., Montagnoli, A., Scippa, G. S., & Chiatante, D. (2011). Fine root growth of Quercus pubescens seedlings after drought stress and fire disturbance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 74, 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.06.009
Dreesen, F. E., De Boeck, H. J., Janssens, I. A., & Nijs, I. (2012). Summer heat and drought extremes trigger unexpected changes in productivity of a temperate annual/biannual plant community. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 79, 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.01.005
Eissenstat, D. M., & Yanai, R. D. (1997). The Ecology of Root Lifespan. In Advances in Ecological Research (pp. 1–60). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60005-7
Faria, T., Silvério, D., Breia, E., Cabral, R., Abadia, A., Abadia, J., Pereira, J. S., & Chaves, M. M. (1998). Differences in the response of carbon assimilation to summer stress (water deficits, high light and temperature) in four Mediterranean tree species. Physiologia Plantarum, 102(3), 419–428. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1020310.x
Frelich, L. E., & Reich, P. B. (n.d.). Disturbance Severity and Threshold Responses in the Boreal Forest. Conservation Ecology, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00051-020207
Giorgi, F., & Lionello, P. (2008). Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. Global and Planetary Change, 63(2–3), 90–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005
Guo, D., Mitchell, R. J., Withington, J. M., Fan, P., & Hendricks, J. J. (2008). Endogenous and exogenous controls of root life span, mortality and nitrogen flux in a longleaf pine forest: root branch order predominates. Journal of Ecology, 96(4), 737–745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01385.x
Helmisaari, H.-S., Makkonen, K., Kellomäki, S., Valtonen, E., & Mälkönen, E. (2002). Below- and above-ground biomass, production and nitrogen use in Scots pine stands in eastern Finland. Forest Ecology and Management, 165(1–3), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00648-X
Hendrick, R. L., & Pregitzer, K. S. (1992). Spatial variation in tree root distribution and growth associated with minirhizotrons. Plant and Soil, 143(2), 283–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007884
Joslin, J. D., & Henderson, G. S. (1987). Organic matter and nutrients associated with fine root turnover in a white oak stand. For Sci, 33, 330–346.
JOSLIN, J. D., WOLFE, M. H., & HANSON, P. J. (2000). Effects of altered water regimes on forest root systems. New Phytologist, 147(1), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00692.x
KASPAR, T. C., & BLAND, W. L. (1992). SOIL TEMPERATURE AND ROOT GROWTH. Soil Science, 154(4), 290–299. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199210000-00005
King, J. S., Pregitzer, K. S., & Zak, D. R. (2000). Clonal variation in above- and below-ground growth responses of Populus tremuloides Michaux: Influence of soil warming and nutrient availability. In The Supporting Roots of Trees and Woody Plants: Form, Function and Physiology (pp. 145–156). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3469-1_14
Kuhns, M. R., Garrett, H. E., Teskey, R. O., & Hinckley, T. M. (1985). Root growth of black walnut trees related to soil temperature, soil water potential, and leaf water potential. For Sci, 31, 617–630.
Larson, M. M. (1970). Root regeneration and early growth of red oak seedlings: influence of soil temperature. For Sci, 16, 442–446.
Lieffers, V. J., & Rothwell, R. L. (1986). Effects of depth of water table and substrate temperature on root and top growth of Piceamariana and Larixlancina seedlings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 16(6), 1201–1206. https://doi.org/10.1139/x86-214
LIMOUSIN, J. M., RAMBAL, S., OURCIVAL, J. M., ROCHETEAU, A., JOFFRE, R., & RODRIGUEZ‐CORTINA, R. (2009). Long‐term transpiration change with rainfall decline in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest. Global Change Biology, 15(9), 2163–2175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01852.x
Lloret, F., Peñuelas, J., & Ogaya, R. (2004). Establishment of co‐existing Mediterranean tree species under a varying soil moisture regime. Journal of Vegetation Science, 15(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02258.x
Mainiero, R., Kazda, M., Häberle, K.-H., Nikolova, P. S., & Matyssek, R. (2009). Fine root dynamics of mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) as influenced by elevated ozone concentrations. Environmental Pollution, 157(10), 2638–2644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2009.05.006
Majdi, H., Pregitzer, K., Morén, A.-S., Nylund, J.-E., & I. Ågren, G. (2005). Measuring Fine Root Turnover in Forest Ecosystems. Plant and Soil, 276(1–2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-005-3104-8
Manes, F., Vitale, M., Donato, E., Giannini, M., & Puppi, G. (2006). Different ability of three Mediterranean oak species to tolerate progressive water stress. Photosynthetica, 44(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-006-0040-7
Margolis, H. A., & Brand, D. G. (1990). An ecophysiological basis for understanding plantation establishment. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20(4), 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1139/x90-056
Martı́nez-Vilalta, J., & Piñol, J. (2002). Drought-induced mortality and hydraulic architecture in pine populations of the NE Iberian Peninsula. Forest Ecology and Management, 161(1–3), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00495-9
Matías, L., Quero, J. L., Zamora, R., & Castro, J. (2012). Evidence for plant traits driving specific drought resistance. A community field experiment. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 81, 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.03.002
McClaugherty, C. A., Aber, J. D., & Melillo, J. M. (1982). The Role of Fine Roots in the Organic Matter and Nitrogen Budgets of Two Forested Ecosystems. Ecology, 63(5), 1481–1490. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938874
McMichael, B. L., & Burke, J. J. (1998). Soil Temperature and Root Growth. HortScience, 33(6), 947–951. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.33.6.947
Merritt, C. (1968). Effect of Environment and Heredity on the Root‐Growth Pattern of Red Pine. Ecology, 49(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/1933558
Metcalfe, D. B., Meir, P., Aragão, L. E. O. C., da Costa, A. C. L., Braga, A. P., Gonçalves, P. H. L., de Athaydes Silva Junior, J., de Almeida, S. S., Dawson, L. A., Malhi, Y., & Williams, M. (2008). The effects of water availability on root growth and morphology in an Amazon rainforest. Plant and Soil, 311(1–2), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-008-9670-9
Montagnoli, A., Di Iorio, A., Terzaghi, M., Trupiano, D., Scippa, G. S., & Chiatante, D. (2014). Influence of soil temperature and water content on fine-root seasonal growth of European beech natural forest in Southern Alps, Italy. European Journal of Forest Research, 133(5), 957–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-014-0814-6
Montagnoli, A., Terzaghi, M., Di Iorio, A., Scippa, G. S., & Chiatante, D. (2012). Fine‐root morphological and growth traits in a Turkey‐oak stand in relation to seasonal changes in soil moisture in the Southern Apennines, Italy. Ecological Research, 27(6), 1015–1025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-012-0981-1
Moya, D., Espelta, J. M., López-Serrano, F. R., Eugenio, M., & Heras, J. D. L. (2008). Natural post-fire dynamics and serotiny in 10-year-old Pinus halepensis Mill. stands along a geographic gradient. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17(2), 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF06121
Nardini, A., & Tyree, M. T. (1999). Root and shoot hydraulic conductance of seven Quercus species. ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE, 56(5), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:19990502
Neilson, R. P., & Wullstein, L. H. (1985). Comparative Drought Physiology and Biogeography of Quercus gambelii and Quercus turbinella. American Midland Naturalist, 114(2), 259. https://doi.org/10.2307/2425601
Ostonen, I., Helmisaari, H., Borken, W., Tedersoo, L., Kukumägi, M., Bahram, M., Lindroos, A., Nöjd, P., Uri, V., Merilä, P., Asi, E., & Lõhmus, K. (2011). Fine root foraging strategies in <scp>N</scp>orway spruce forests across a <scp>E</scp>uropean climate gradient. Global Change Biology, 17(12), 3620–3632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02501.x
Ostonen, I., Püttsepp, Ü., Biel, C., Alberton, O., Bakker, M. R., Lõhmus, K., Majdi, H., Metcalfe, D., Olsthoorn, A. F. M., Pronk, A., Vanguelova, E., Weih, M., & Brunner, I. (2007). Specific root length as an indicator of environmental change. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 141(3), 426–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500701626069
Ozturk, M., Dogan, Y., Sakcali, S., Doulis, A., & Karam, F. (2010). Ecophysiological responses of some maquis (Ceratonia siliqua L., Olea oleaster Hoffm. and Link, Pistacia lentiscus and Quercus coccifera L.) plant species to drought in the east Mediterranean ecosystem. J Environ Biol, 31, 233–245.
Peñuelas, J., Filella, I., & Comas, PerE. (2002). Changed plant and animal life cycles from 1952 to 2000 in the Mediterranean region. Global Change Biology, 8(6), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00489.x
Pereira, J. S., David, J. S., David, T. S., Caldeira, M. C., & Chaves, M. M. (2004). Carbon and Water Fluxes in Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems — Constraints and Adaptations. In Progress in Botany (pp. 467–498). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18819-0_19
Pereira, J. S., Mateus, J. A., Aires, L. M., Pita, G., Pio, C., David, J. S., Andrade, V., Banza, J., David, T. S., Paço, T. A., & Rodrigues, A. (n.d.). Net ecosystem carbon exchange in three contrasting Mediterranean ecosystems – the effect of drought. Biogeosciences, 4(5), 791–802. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-791-2007
Piñol, J., Terradas, J., & Lloret, F. (1998). Climate Warming, Wildfire Hazard, and Wildfire Occurrence in Coastal Eastern Spain. Climatic Change, 38(3), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005316632105
Poorter, H., Niklas, K. J., Reich, P. B., Oleksyn, J., Poot, P., & Mommer, L. (2012). Biomass allocation to leaves, stems and roots: meta‐analyses of interspecific variation and environmental control. New Phytologist, 193(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03952.x
PREGITZER, K. S., KING, J. S., BURTON, A. J., & BROWN, S. E. (2000). Responses of tree fine roots to temperature. New Phytologist, 147(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00689.x
Qaderi, M. M., Kurepin, L. V., & Reid, D. M. (2012). Effects of temperature and watering regime on growth, gas exchange and abscisic acid content of canola (Brassica napus) seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 75, 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.09.003
REWALD, B., EPHRATH, J. E., & RACHMILEVITCH, S. (2011). A root is a root is a root? Water uptake rates of Citrus root orders. Plant, Cell & Environment, 34(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02223.x
Sabaté, S., Gracia, C. A., & Sánchez, A. (2002). Likely effects of climate change on growth of Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica forests in the Mediterranean region. Forest Ecology and Management, 162(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00048-8
Sanchez-Humanes, B., & Espelta, J. M. (2011). Increased drought reduces acorn production in Quercus ilex coppices: thinning mitigates this effect but only in the short term. Forestry, 84(1), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpq045
Scarascia-Mugnozza, G., Oswald, H., Piussi, P., & Radoglou, K. (2000). Forests of the Mediterranean region: gaps in knowledge and research needs. Forest Ecology and Management, 132(1), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00383-2
SCIPPA, G. S., DI MICHELE, M., DI IORIO, A., COSTA, A., LASSERRE, B., & CHIATANTE, D. (2006). The Response of Spartium junceum Roots to Slope: Anchorage and Gene Factors. Annals of Botany, 97(5), 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj603
Stanturf, J. A., Palik, B. J., & Dumroese, R. K. (2014). Contemporary forest restoration: A review emphasizing function. Forest Ecology and Management, 331, 292–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.029
Steele, S. J., Gower, S. T., Vogel, J. G., & Norman, J. M. (1997). Root mass, net primary production and turnover in aspen, jack pine and black spruce forests in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. Tree Physiology, 17(8–9), 577–587. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/17.8-9.577
Teskey, R. O., & Hinckley, T. M. (1981). Influence of temperature and water potential on root growth of white oak. Physiologia Plantarum, 52(3), 363–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1981.tb06055.x
Thomas, F. M., & Gausling, T. (2000). Morphological and physiological responses of oak seedlings (Quercus petraea and Q. robur) to moderate drought. Annals of Forest Science, 57(4), 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2000123
Thompson, I., Mackey, B., McNulty, S., & Mosseler, A. (2009). Forest resilience, biodiversity and climate change. A synthesis of the biodiversity/resilience/stability relationship in forest ecosystems. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. Technical Series, 43, 67.
TIERNEY, G. L., FAHEY, T. J., GROFFMAN, P. M., HARDY, J. P., FITZHUGH, R. D., DRISCOLL, C. T., & YAVITT, J. B. (2003). Environmental control of fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest. Global Change Biology, 9(5), 670–679. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00622.x
Tognetti, R., Longobucco, A., & Raschi, A. (1999). Seasonal embolism and xylem vulnerability in deciduous and evergreen Mediterranean trees influenced by proximity to a carbon dioxide spring. Tree Physiology, 19(4–5), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/19.4-5.271
Tognetti, R., Raschi, A., & Jones, M. B. (2000). Seasonal patterns of tissue water relations in three Mediterranean shrubs co‐occurring at a natural CO2 spring. Plant, Cell & Environment, 23(12), 1341–1351. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00645.x
Vilagrosa, A., Bellot, J., Vallejo, V. R., & Gil‐Pelegrín, E. (2003). Cavitation, stomatal conductance, and leaf dieback in seedlings of two co‐occurring Mediterranean shrubs during an intense drought. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54(390), 2015–2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg221
Vilagrosa, A., Chirino, E., Peguero-Pina, J. J., Barigah, T. S., Cochard, H., & Gil-Pelegrín, E. (2012). Xylem Cavitation and Embolism in Plants Living in Water-Limited Ecosystems. In Plant Responses to Drought Stress (pp. 63–109). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32653-0_3
Weltzin, J. F., Pastor, J., Harth, C., Bridgham, S. D., Updegraff, K., & Chapin, C. T. (2000). RESPONSE OF BOG AND FEN PLANT COMMUNITIES TO WARMING AND WATER-TABLE MANIPULATIONS. Ecology, 81(12), 3464–3478. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3464:ROBAFP]2.0.CO;2
Wilcox, H. E., & Ganmore-Neumann, R. (1975). Effects of Temperature on Root Morphology and Ectendomycorrhizal Development in Pinusresinosa Ait. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 5(2), 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1139/x75-024
Withington, J. M., Reich, P. B., Oleksyn, J., & Eissenstat, D. M. (2006). COMPARISONS OF STRUCTURE AND LIFE SPAN IN ROOTS AND LEAVES AMONG TEMPERATE TREES. Ecological Monographs, 76(3), 381–397. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0381:COSALS]2.0.CO;2
Xia, M., Guo, D., & Pregitzer, K. S. (2010). Ephemeral root modules inFraxinus mandshurica. New Phytologist, 188(4), 1065–1074. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03423.x
Xoplaki, E., González-Rouco, J. F., Luterbacher, J., & Wanner, H. (2004). Wet season Mediterranean precipitation variability: influence of large-scale dynamics and trends. Climate Dynamics, 23(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0422-0
Zobel, R. W., & Waisel, Y. (2010). A plant root system architectural taxonomy: A framework for root nomenclature. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology, 144(2), 507–512. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263501003764483
The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). We stay neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
